USS North Dakota (BB-29)

{{main|Delaware-class battleship}}

File:USS North Dakota (BB-29) as build.svg

The two Delaware-class battleships were ordered in response to the British battleship {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}, the first all-big-gun battleship to enter service. The previous American dreadnoughts, the {{sclass|South Carolina|battleship|4}}, had been designed before the particulars of HMS Dreadnought were known. The Navy decided that another pair of battleships should be built to counter the perceived superiority of Dreadnought over South Carolina, and so Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps prepared a design for a ship with an additional main battery gun turret to match Dreadnought{{'}}s ten guns. But unlike Dreadnought, all ten of North Dakota{{'}}s guns could fire on the broadside. At the time of her construction, North Dakota was the largest and most powerful battleship then being built in the world.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=113}}{{sfn|Friedman 1985|pp=63, 116}}

North Dakota was {{cvt|518|ft|9|in|lk=on|0}} long overall and had a beam of {{cvt|85|ft|3|in|0}} and a draft of {{cvt|27|ft|3|in|0}}. She displaced {{cvt|20380|LT|t|0}} as designed and up to {{cvt|22400|LT|t|0}} at full load. The ship was powered by two-shaft Curtis steam turbines and fourteen coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers, generating a top speed of 21 knots. The ship had a cruising range of {{convert|6500|nmi|lk=on}} at a speed of {{cvt|12|kn|mph km/h|0}}. She had a crew of 933 officers and men.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=113}}{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=69}} Her bow had an early example of bulbous forefoot.PIANC MarCom Working Group 08: The Damage Inflicted by Ships with Bulbous Bows on Underwater Structures (Supplement to Bulletin nr. 70, PTC2 report of WG 08 - 1990 issue), page 6

The ship was armed with a main battery of ten 12"/45 caliber Mark 5 gun{{efn|/45 refers to the length of the gun in terms of calibers. A /45 gun is 45 times long as it is in bore diameter.}} Mark 5 guns in five twin Mark 7 gun turrets on the centerline, two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward. The other three turrets were placed aft of the superstructure. The secondary battery consisted of twenty-one 5"/50 caliber gun Mark 6 guns mounted on Mark 9 and Mark 12 pedestal mounts in casemates along the side of the hull. As was standard for capital ships of the period, she carried a pair of {{convert|21|in|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes, submerged in her hull on the broadside.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=113}}

North Dakota{{'}}s main armored belt was {{cvt|11|in|0}} thick, while the armored deck was {{cvt|2|in|0}} thick. The gun turrets had {{cvt|12|in|0}} thick faces and the conning tower had {{cvt|11.5|in|0}} thick sides.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=113}}

File:USS North Dakota being launched.jpg

The keel for North Dakota was laid down at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, on 16 December 1907. She was launched on 10 November 1908, and completed on 11 April 1910, thereafter being commissioned into the fleet.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=113}} On 8 September 1910, the ship suffered an oil-tank explosion and fire while at sea. Six men—Chief Watertenders August Holtz and Patrick Reid, Chief Machinist's Mates Thomas Stanton and Karl Westa, Machinist's Mate First Class Charles C. Roberts, and Watertender Harry Lipscomb—each received the Medal of Honor "for extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession" during the fire.{{sfn|Medal of Honor recipients}}

After her commissioning, North Dakota was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet; she participated in the normal peacetime routine of training cruises, fleet maneuvers, and gunnery drills in the Atlantic and in the Caribbean Sea. On 2 November 1910, she crossed the Atlantic for the first time, on a good-will visit to Britain and France. Fleet maneuvers followed in the Caribbean the next spring. Midshipmen training cruises for cadets from the Naval Academy occupied North Dakota{{'}}s time in the summers of 1912 and 1913. On 1 January 1913, she joined the honor escort for the British armored cruiser {{HMS|Natal|1905|6}}, which was carrying the remains of Whitelaw Reid, the United States Ambassador to Great Britain.{{sfn|Cressman}}

The United States remained neutral when war in Europe broke out in August 1914; in the Americas, political disturbances in Mexico during that country's revolution kept the US Navy occupied that year. North Dakota steamed off Veracruz, where she arrived on 26 April 1914, five days after American sailors had occupied the city. She cruised the coast of Mexico to protect Americans in the country until October, when she returned to Norfolk, Virginia, arriving on 16 October. As war loomed, the Atlantic Fleet began intensive training to prepare for a possible American entrance into the conflict.{{sfn|Cressman}}

File:USS North Dakota in Malta.jpg in 1919]]

North Dakota was conducting gunnery training in Chesapeake Bay when the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Unlike her sister {{USS|Delaware|BB-28|2}}, North Dakota remained in American waters for the duration of the war, and did not see action. She was based out of York River, Virginia and New York City, and was tasked with training gunners and engine room personnel for the rapidly expanding wartime fleet.{{sfn|Cressman}}{{sfn|Friedman 1986|pp=105–107}}{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=172}} Admiral Hugh Rodman requested that North Dakota remain behind because he did not trust the reliability of her engines.{{sfn|Jones|p=40}} In 1917, her engines were replaced with new geared turbines,{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=186}} and new fire control equipment was installed.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=174}}

On 13 November 1919, North Dakota left Norfolk, carrying the remains of the Italian Ambassador to the United States, Vincenzo Macchi di Cellere, who had died 20 October in Washington, D.C. The ship stopped in Athens, Constantinople, Valencia, and Gibraltar while cruising the Mediterranean Sea. She thereafter returned to the United States, and participated in fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean in the spring of 1920. In July 1921, she was present during the joint Army-Navy bombing tests, where the ex-German battleship {{SMS|Ostfriesland}} and cruiser {{SMS|Frankfurt}} were sunk in an air-power demonstration. North Dakota returned to the normal peacetime routine of training exercises, including two midshipmen cruises in the summers of 1922 and 1923; the latter cruise went to European waters, where she visited Spain, Scotland, and Scandinavia.{{sfn|Cressman}}

In the years immediately following the end of the war, the United States, Britain, and Japan all launched huge naval construction programs. All three countries decided that a new naval arms race would be ill-advised, and so convened the Washington Naval Conference to discuss arms limitations, which produced the Washington Naval Treaty, signed in February 1922.{{sfn|Potter|pp=232–233}} Under the terms of Article II of the treaty, North Dakota and her sister Delaware were to be scrapped as soon as the new battleships {{USS|Colorado|BB-45|2}} and {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}}, then under construction, were ready to join the fleet.{{refn|Washington Naval Treaty, Chapter I: Article II.}} North Dakota was decommissioned on 22 November 1923 in Norfolk in accordance with the terms of the treaty. She was disarmed and reclassified as an "unclassified" ship on 29 May 1924, and thereafter converted into a radio-controlled gunnery target ship. Her turbines were removed for later use aboard the battleship {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|2}} when she was modernized in the 1930s.{{sfn|Cressman}}{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=186, 201}} She served in that capacity until 1930, when she was replaced by the battleship {{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}}. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 7 January 1931 and sold to the Union Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore on 16 March 1931 for dismantling.{{sfn|Cressman}}{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=201}} She was towed from the Norfolk Navy Yard on 27 March 1931 by the company's steamer Columbine to the ship breaking yard in Baltimore.{{Cite news |date=28 March 1931 |title=Norfolk Navy Yard News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/951277675/?match=1&terms=%22union%20shipbuilding%22%20Columbine |work=Ledger-Star |pages=3}}

{{Commons category}}

{{notes}}

{{reflist|20em}}

• {{cite DANFS

| last = Cressman

| first = Robert

| title = North Dakota I (Battleship No. 29)

| url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/north-dakota.html

| access-date = 4 December 2019

| date = 31 October 2013

| ref = {{sfnRef|Cressman}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Friedman

| first = Norman

| author-link = Norman Friedman

| year = 1985

| title = U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History

| location = Annapolis

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| isbn = 978-0-87021-715-9

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y41Ha_3HsrYC

| ref = {{sfnRef|Friedman 1985}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Friedman

|first=Norman

|chapter=United States of America

|pages=105–133

|editor1-last=Gardiner

|editor1-first=Robert

|editor2-last=Gray

|editor2-first=Randal

|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921

|year=1986

|location=London

|publisher=Conway Maritime Press

|isbn=978-0-85177-245-5

|ref={{sfnRef|Friedman 1986}}

|name-list-style=amp

| url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Jones

|first=Jerry W.

|year=1998

|title=United States Battleship Operations in World War One

|publisher=Naval Institute Press

|location=Annapolis

|isbn=978-1-55750-411-1

|ref={{sfnRef|Jones}}

}}

• {{Cite web

|title=Medal of Honor recipients - Interim Awards, 1901–1911

|work=Medal of Honor citations

|publisher=United States Army Center of Military History

|date=3 August 2009

|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/inter1901-11.html

|access-date=19 February 2023

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114031841/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/inter1901-11.html

|archive-date=14 January 2010

|url-status=dead

|ref={{sfnRef|Medal of Honor recipients}}

}}

• {{cite book

| editor-last = Potter

| editor-first = E

| title = Sea Power: A Naval History

| edition = 2nd

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| location = Annapolis

| year = 1981

| ISBN = 978-0-87021-607-7

|ref ={{sfnRef|Potter}}

}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=C. C. |title=Re: Questions on the Effectiveness of U.S. Navy Battleship Gunnery: Notes on the Origins of U.S. Navy Gun Fire Control System Range Keepers, Part III |journal=Warship International |date=2005 |volume=XLII |issue=4 |pages=351–355 |issn=0043-0374}}

• {{Commons category-inline|USS North Dakota (BB-29)}}
• {{navsource|01/29a}}

{{Delaware class battleship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Dakota (BB-29)}}

Category:Delaware-class battleships

Category:Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts

Category:1908 ships

Category:World War I battleships of the United States