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Ugaritic#Phonology

{{short description|Extinct Northwest Semitic language}}

{{Distinguish|Ugric languages}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Ugaritic

| states = Ugarit

| extinct = 12th century BC{{cite web|url=http://multitree.org/codes/uga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322213913/http://multitree.org/codes/uga |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2021 |title=Ugaritic |access-date=2024-04-07 }}

| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic

| fam2 = Semitic

| fam3 = West

| fam4 = Central

| fam5 = Northwest

| fam6 = Amorite?

| script = Ugaritic alphabet

| iso2 = uga

| iso3 = uga

| linglist = uga

| glotto = ugar1238

| glottorefname = Ugaritic

| notice = IPA

| imagecaption = Clay tablet of Ugaritic alphabet

| image = 22 alphabet.jpg

}}

{{Contains special characters|Ugaritic}}

Ugaritic{{Cite journal |last=Rendsburg |first=Gary A. |date=1987 |title=Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies |url=https://bildnercenter.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/59-modern-south-arabian-as-a-source-for-ugaritic-etymologies/file |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |doi=10.2307/603304 |jstor=603304 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |access-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126005147/https://bildnercenter.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/59-modern-south-arabian-as-a-source-for-ugaritic-etymologies/file |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}Rendsburg, Gary A. “Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies”. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, no. 4 (1987): 623–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/603304. ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|j|uː|g|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|t|ɪ|k|,_|ˌ|uː|-}}{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Ugaritic}}) is an extinct Northwest Semitic language known through the Ugaritic texts discovered by French archaeologists in 1928 at Ugarit,{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Wilfred G. E.|last2=Wyatt|first2=Nicolas|title=Handbook of Ugaritic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2Jo01iq1YC&pg=PA91|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10988-9|page=91}}Ugaritic is alternatively classified in a "North Semitic" group, see {{cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)|title=Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXVqyEkPKcC&pg=PA50|year=2001|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-0815-4|page=50}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC|title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|date=2008-04-10|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139469340|page=5|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last=Goetze|first=Albrecht|date=1941|title=Is Ugaritic a Canaanite Dialect?|journal=Language|volume=17|issue=2|pages=127–138|doi=10.2307/409619|jstor=409619}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C|title=Morphologies of Asia and Africa|last=Kaye|first=Alan S.|date=2007-06-30|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=9781575061092|page=49|language=en}}{{cite book|last1=Schniedewind|first1=William|author-link1=William Schniedewind|last2=Hunt|first2=Joel H. |author-link2=Joel H. Hunt|title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2T_4KVwpTQC&pg=PA20|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46698-1|page=20}}{{cite journal|last1=Greenstein|first1=Edward L.|title=Texts from Ugarit Solve Biblical Puzzles|journal=Biblical Archaeology Review|date=November 2010|volume=36|issue=6|pages=48–53, 70|url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/36/6/5|access-date=16 July 2019|language=en}} including several major literary texts, notably the Baal cycle.{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Ford |author-first=J. N. |year=2013 |title=Ugaritic and Biblical Hebrew |editor1-last=Khan |editor1-first=Geoffrey |editor1-link=Geoffrey Khan |editor2-last=Bolozky |editor2-first=Shmuel |editor3-last=Fassberg |editor3-first=Steven |editor4-last=Rendsburg |editor4-first=Gary A. |editor4-link=Gary A. Rendsburg |editor5-last=Rubin |editor5-first=Aaron D. |editor5-link=Aaron D. Rubin |editor6-last=Schwarzwald |editor6-first=Ora R. |editor7-last=Zewi |editor7-first=Tamar |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000287 |isbn=978-90-04-17642-3}}

Ugaritic has been called "the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform".{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Cyrus H.|author-link=Cyrus H. Gordon|title=The Ancient Near East|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast00gord|url-access=registration|year=1965|publisher=Norton|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast00gord/page/99 99]}}

Corpus

{{main|Ugaritic texts}}

The Ugaritic language is attested in texts from the 14th through the early 12th century BC. The city of Ugarit was destroyed roughly 1190 BC.{{cite book|last1=Huehnergard|first1=John|author-link=John Huehnergard|title=An Introduction to Ugaritic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfHQx5FUZW8C|year=2012|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1-59856-820-2|page=1}}

Literary texts discovered at Ugarit include the Legend of Keret or Kirta, the legends of Danel (AKA 'Aqhat), the Myth of Baal-Aliyan, and the Death of Baal. The latter two are also known collectively as the Baal Cycle. These texts reveal aspects of ancient Northwest Semitic religion in Syria-Palestine during the Late Bronze Age.

Edward Greenstein has proposed that Ugaritic texts might help solve biblical puzzles such as the anachronism of Ezekiel mentioning Daniel in {{bibleverse|Ezekiel|14:13–16|KJV}} actually referring to Danel, a hero from the Ugaritic Tale of Aqhat.

Phonology

Ugaritic had 28 consonantal phonemes (including two semivowels) and eight vowel phonemes (three short vowels and five long vowels): a ā i ī u ū ē ō. The phonemes ē and ō occur only as long vowels and are the result of monophthongization of the diphthongs аy and aw, respectively.

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+Consonants{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

rowspan=2 colspan=2|

!rowspan=2| Labial

!rowspan=2| Interdental

!colspan=2| Dental/Alveolar

!rowspan=2| Palatal

!rowspan=2| Velar

!rowspan=2| Uvular

!rowspan=2| Pharyngeal

!rowspan=2| Glottal

plain

! emphatic

colspan=2| Nasal

| {{IPAlink|m}}

|

| {{IPAlink|n}}

| || || || || ||

rowspan=2| Stop

! voiceless

| {{IPAlink|p}}

|

| {{IPAlink|t}}

| {{IPAlink|tˤ}}

|

| {{IPAlink|k}}

| {{IPAlink|q}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}

voiced

| {{IPAlink|b}}

|

| {{IPAlink|d}}

| ||

| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}

| || ||

rowspan=2| Fricative

! voiceless

|

| {{IPAlink|θ}}

| {{IPAlink|s}}

| {{IPAlink|sˤ}}

| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}

|colspan=2| {{IPAlink|x}}

| {{IPAlink|ħ}}

| {{IPAlink|h}}

voiced

|

| {{IPAlink|ð}}

| {{IPAlink|z}}

| {{IPAlink|ðˤ}}

| ({{IPAlink|ʒ}}){{r|footnote1|group=decimal}}

|colspan=2| {{IPAlink|ɣ}}{{r|footnote2|group=decimal}}

| {{IPAlink|ʕ}}

|

colspan=2 | Approximant

| ||

| {{IPAlink|l}}

|

| {{IPAlink|j}}

| {{IPAlink|w}}

| || ||

colspan=2 | Trill

| ||

| {{IPAlink|r}}

| || || || || ||

{{reflist |group=decimal |refs=

The voiced palatal fricative [ʒ] occurs as a late variant of the voiced interdental fricative /ð/.

The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/, while an independent phoneme at all periods, also occurs as a late variant of the emphatic voiced interdental /ðˤ/.

}}

The following table shows Proto-Semitic phonemes and their correspondences among Ugaritic, Akkadian, Classical Arabic and Tiberian Hebrew:

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! ! style="width:18%;"| Proto-Semitic

! ! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| Ugaritic

!Akkadian

! colspan="2" style="width:18%;" ! | Classical Arabic

! ! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| Tiberian Hebrew

! ! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| Imperial Aramaic

{{Transliteration|sem|b}} {{IPA|[b]}}

| 𐎁 || {{Transliteration|sem|b}}

|b

| ب || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|b}} {{IPA|[b]}}

| ב || {{Transliteration|sem|b/ḇ}} {{IPA|[b/v]}}

| 𐡁 || {{Transliteration|sem|b/ḇ}} {{IPA|[b/v]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|p}} {{IPA|[p]}}

| 𐎔 || {{Transliteration|sem|p}}

|p

| ف || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|f}} {{IPA|[f]}}

| פ || {{Transliteration|sem|p/p̄}} {{IPA|[p/f]}}

| 𐡐 || {{Transliteration|sem|p/p̄}} {{IPA|[p/f]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}}

| 𐎏 || {{Transliteration|sem|d}};
sometimes {{Transliteration|sem|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}}

|z

| ذ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}}

| ז || {{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}

| 𐡃 (older 𐡆) || {{Transliteration|sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}}

| 𐎘 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}}

|š

| ث || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}}

| שׁ || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}

| 𐡕 (older 𐡔) || {{Transliteration|sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ṱ}} {{IPA|[θʼ]}}

| 𐎑 || {{Transliteration|sem|ẓ}} {{IPA|[ðˤ]}};
sporadically {{Transliteration|sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}

|ṣ

| ظ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ẓ}} {{IPA|[ðˤ]}}

| צ || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}

| 𐡈 (older 𐡑) || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|d}} {{IPA|[d]}}

| 𐎄 || {{Transliteration|sem|d}}

|d

| د || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|d}} {{IPA|[d]}}

| ד || {{Transliteration|sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}

| 𐡃 || {{Transliteration|sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|t}} {{IPA|[t]}}

| 𐎚 || {{Transliteration|sem|t}}

|t

| ت || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|t}} {{IPA|[t]}}

| ת || {{Transliteration|sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}

| 𐡕 || {{Transliteration|sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tʼ]}}

| 𐎉 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}

|ṭ

| ط || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}

| ט || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}

| 𐡈 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[s]}}

| 𐎌 || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}

|š

| س || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}

| שׁ || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}

| 𐡔 || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[dz]}}

| 𐎇 || {{Transliteration|sem|z}}

|z

| ز || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}

| ז || {{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}

| 𐡆 || {{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|s}} {{IPA|[ts]}}

| 𐎒 || {{Transliteration|sem|s}}

|s

| س || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}

| ס || {{Transliteration|sem|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}

| 𐡎 || {{Transliteration|sem|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[tsʼ]}}

| 𐎕 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}

|ṣ

| ص || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}

| צ || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}

| 𐡑 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}

| 𐎍 || {{Transliteration|sem|l}}

|l

| ل || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}

| ל || {{Transliteration|sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}

| 𐡋 || {{Transliteration|sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ś}} {{IPA|[ɬ]}}

| 𐎌 || {{Transliteration|sem|š}}

|š

| ش || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}

| שׂ || {{Transliteration|sem|ś}} {{IPA|[ɬ]→[s]}}

| 𐡎 (older 𐡔) || {{Transliteration|sem|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ṣ́}} {{IPA|[(t)ɬʼ]}}

| 𐎕 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}}

|ṣ

| ض || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḍ}} {{IPA|[ɮˤ]→[dˤ]}}

| צ || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}

| 𐡏 (older 𐡒) || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|g}} {{IPA|[ɡ]}}

| 𐎂 || {{Transliteration|sem|g}}

|g

| ج || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ǧ}} {{IPA|[ɡʲ]→[dʒ]}}

| ג || {{Transliteration|sem|g/ḡ}} {{IPA|[ɡ/ɣ]}}

| 𐡂 || {{Transliteration|sem|g/ḡ}} {{IPA|[ɡ/ɣ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|k}} {{IPA|[k]}}

| 𐎋 || {{Transliteration|sem|k}}

|k

| ك || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|k}} {{IPA|[k]}}

| כ || {{Transliteration|sem|k/ḵ}} {{IPA|[k/x]}}

| 𐡊 || {{Transliteration|sem|k/ḵ}} {{IPA|[k/x]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|q}} {{IPA|[kʼ]}}

| 𐎖 || {{Transliteration|sem|q}}

|q

| ق || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|q}} {{IPA|[q]}}

| ק || {{Transliteration|sem|q}} {{IPA|[q]}}

| 𐡒 || {{Transliteration|sem|q}} {{IPA|[q]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}

| 𐎙 || {{Transliteration|sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}

| rowspan="2" |ḫ

| غ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}

| ע || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

| 𐡏 || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}}

| 𐎃 || {{Transliteration|sem|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}}

| خ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}}

| ח || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}

| 𐡇 || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

| 𐎓 || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

|ḫ / e

| ع || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

| ע || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

| 𐡏 || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}

| 𐎈 || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}

|e

| ح || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}

| ח || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}

| 𐡇 || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}

| 𐎛 || {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}

|∅ / {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}}

| ء || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}

| א || {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}

| 𐡀/∅ || {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ/∅}} {{IPA|[ʔ/∅]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}

| 𐎅 || {{Transliteration|sem|h}}

|∅

| ه || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}

| ה || {{Transliteration|sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}

| 𐡄 || {{Transliteration|sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}

| 𐎎 || {{Transliteration|sem|m}}

|m

| م || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}

| מ || {{Transliteration|sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}

| 𐡌 || {{Transliteration|sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}

| 𐎐 || {{Transliteration|sem|n}}

|n

| ن || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}

| נ || {{Transliteration|sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}

| 𐡍 || {{Transliteration|sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}

| 𐎗 || {{Transliteration|sem|r}}

|r

| ر || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}

| ר || {{Transliteration|sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}

| 𐡓 || {{Transliteration|sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}

| 𐎆 || {{Transliteration|sem|w}}

|w

| و || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}

| ו || {{Transliteration|sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}

| 𐡅 || {{Transliteration|sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}

{{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}

| 𐎊 || {{Transliteration|sem|y}}

|y

| ي || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}

| י || {{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}

| 𐡉 || {{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}

Writing system

{{Main|Ugaritic alphabet}}

Image:Ugaritic Chart of Letters.svg

The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform script used beginning in the 15th century BC. Like most Semitic scripts, it is an abjad, where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel.

Although it appears similar to Mesopotamian cuneiform (whose writing techniques it borrowed), its symbols and symbol meanings are unrelated. It is the oldest example of the family of West Semitic scripts such as the Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew, and Aramaic alphabets (including the Hebrew alphabet). The so-called "long alphabet" has 30 letters while the "short alphabet" has 22. Other languages (particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere.

Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the Levantine ordering of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic order of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin alphabets; and the South Semitic order, which gave rise to the order of the Ge'ez script. The script was written from left to right.

Grammar

{{Main|Ugaritic grammar}}

Ugaritic is an inflected language, and its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Akkadian, Classical Arabic and, to a lesser extent, Biblical Hebrew. It possesses two genders (masculine and feminine), three grammatical cases for nouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, and genitive), three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), and verb aspects similar to those found in other Northwest Semitic languages. The word order for Ugaritic is verb–subject–object (VSO) and subject–object–verb (SOV),{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Gerald H.|title=Ugaritic Word Order and Sentence Structure in KRT|journal=Journal of Semitic Studies|date=1982|volume=27|issue=1|pages=17–32|doi=10.1093/jss/27.1.17}} possessed–possessor (NG), and noun–adjective (NA). Ugaritic is considered a conservative Semitic language, since it retains most of the phonemes, the case system, and the word order of the ancestral Proto-Semitic language.{{cite book |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520039995/a-basic-grammar-of-ugaritic-language |title=A Basic Grammar of Ugaritic Language by Stanislav Segert – Hardcover – University of California Press |date=March 1985 |isbn=9780520039995 |last1=Segert |first1=Stanislav }}

Sample Text

class="wikitable"

!Ugaritic{{Efn|Ugaritic text does not include many vowels which would have been were present}}{{Cite book |last=Sivan |first=Daniel |title=A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language |publisher=Brill |year=2001 |pages=207-210 |language=en}}

!English

nqmd mlk 'ugrt ktb spr hnd

|Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit, has written this document

l ym hnd 'iwr'kl pdy 'agdn

|From this day, Iwirkdu has redeemed Agdenu

k tcrb 'ṯt Sd bt mlk k t'rbn ršpm bt mlk

|When Athtart of the Field enters the house of the king, when the Reshaphim enter the house of the king

w bn bht ksp w ḫrṣ bht ṭhmz 'iqn'im

|And build a house of silver and gold, a house of pure lapis lazuli

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

; Citations

{{Reflist}}

; Bibliography

  • {{cite book|author1=Bordreuil, Pierre |author2=Pardee, Dennis |name-list-style=amp |title=A Manual of Ugaritic: Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic 3 |location=Winona Lake, IN 46590 | publisher=Eisenbraun's, Inc|year=2009|isbn=978-1-57506-153-5}}
  • {{cite book|author1=Cunchillos, J.-L. |author2=Vita, Juan-Pablo |name-list-style=amp |title=A Concordance of Ugaritic Words|publisher=Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-59333-258-7}}
  • {{cite book|author1=del Olmo Lete, Gregorio |author2=Sanmartín, Joaquín |name-list-style=amp |title=A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-90-04-13694-6}} (2 vols; originally in Spanish, translated by W. G. E. Watson).
  • {{cite book|author=Gibson, John C. L.|title=Canaanite Myths and Legends|publisher=T. & T. Clark|year=1977|isbn=978-0-567-02351-3}} (Contains Latin-alphabet transliterations of the Ugaritic texts and facing translations in English.)
  • {{cite book|author=Gordon, Cyrus Herzl|title=The Ancient Near East|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company Press|year=1965|isbn=978-0-393-00275-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast0000gord|author-link=Cyrus Herzl Gordon}}
  • {{cite book|author=Greenstein, Edward L.|editor1=Shlomo Izre'el |editor2=Itamar Singer |editor3=Ran Zadok |title="On a New Grammar of Ugaritic" in Past links: studies in the languages and cultures of the ancient near east: Volume 18 of Israel oriental studies |publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57506-035-4}} Found at [https://books.google.com/books?id=fKTRZrWTHh4C&dq=Edward+L.+Greenstein+Ugaritic&pg=PA397 Google Scholar].
  • {{cite book|author=Huehnergard, John|title=A Grammar of Akkadian, 3rd ed.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2011|isbn=978-1-5750-6941-8}}
  • {{cite book|author=Moscati, Sabatino|title=An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages, Phonology and Morphology|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1980|isbn=978-3-447-00689-7}}
  • {{cite book|author=Parker, Simon B. (ed.) |title=Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta | publisher=Scholars Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7885-0337-5}}
  • {{cite book|author=Pardee, Dennis |title=Rezension von J. Tropper, Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273) Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2000: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient |location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)|year=2003}} [http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf P. 1-404] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107221530/http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf |date=2014-01-07 }}.
  • {{cite book|author1=Schniedewind, William M. |author2=Hunt, Joel H. |name-list-style=amp |title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-5217-0493-9}}
  • {{cite book|author=Segert, Stanislav|title=A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-03999-5}}
  • {{cite book|author=Sivan, Daniel|title=A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-90-04-10614-7}} A more concise grammar.
  • {{cite book|author=Tropper, J.|title=Ugaritische Grammatik, AOAT 273|publisher=Münster, Ugarit Verlag|year=2000}}
  • {{cite book|author=Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) |title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia |location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68498-9 }}

Further reading

  • Pardee, Dennis. “UGARITIC PROPER NOUNS”. In: Archiv Für Orientforschung 36/37 (1989): 390–513. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41661762 UGARITIC PROPER NOUNS].
  • {{cite book|author=Josef Tropper, Juan-Pablo Vita|title=Lehrbuch der ugaritischen Sprache|location=Münster| publisher=Zaphon|year=2020|isbn=978-3-96327-070-3}}
  • Watson, Wilfred G.E. "[https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/125642/edition/109632/content From Hair to Heel: Ugaritic Terms for Parts of the Body]". In: {{ill|Folia Orientalia|pl|Folia Orientalia}} Vol. LII (2015), pp. 323–364.
  • Watson, Wilfred G.E. "[https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/124688/edition/108812/content Terms for Occupations, Professions and Social Classes in Ugaritic: An Etymological Study]". In: Folia Orientalia Vol. LV (2018), pp. 307–378. DOI: 10.24425/for.2018.124688
  • Watson, Wilfred G.E. "[https://www.ub.edu/ipoa/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20182AuOrWatson.pdf Terms for Textiles, Clothing, Hides, Wool and Accessories in Ugaritic: An Etymological Study]". In: Aula Orientalis 36/2 (2018): 359–396. {{ISSN|0212-5730}}.
  • Watson, Wilfred G. E.. "Ugaritic Military Terms in the Light of Comparative Linguistics". In: At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate. Edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021. pp. 699–720. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575064741-047 coaccess]

External links

{{Portal|Asia}}

  • [http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm Ugarit and the Bible]. An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology's course noted in the links hereafter). Includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature.
  • [https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1113436 "El in the Ugaritic tablets"] on the BBCi website gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20031202023745/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/MSmith_BiblicalMonotheism.htm Abstract of Mark Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text].
  • [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10380.pdf Unicode Chart].
  • [http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/RSTI/ RSTI]. The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory: an online catalog of inscribed objects from Ras Shamra-Ugarit produced at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

{{authority control}}{{Semitic languages}}

Category:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium BC

Category:Extinct languages of Asia

Category:Languages of Syria

Category:Northwest Semitic languages

Category:Amorite language

Category:Cuneiform

Category:Languages extinct in the 12th century BC