Unconformity

{{Short description|Rock surface indicating a gap in the geological record}}

File:Hutton Unconformity , Jedburgh.jpg at Jedburgh, Scotland, illustrated by John Clerk in 1787 and photographed in 2003.]]

An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger layer, but the term is used to describe any break in the sedimentary geologic record. The significance of angular unconformity (see below) was shown by James Hutton, who found examples of Hutton's Unconformity at Jedburgh in 1787 and at Siccar Point in Berwickshire in 1788, both in Scotland.[http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/geology/elothian_borders/hutton.asp Hutton's Unconformity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104617/http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/geology/elothian_borders/hutton.asp |date=2015-09-24 }}{{cite web |url=http://nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Montgomery_v51n5.pdf |title=Siccar Point and Teaching the History of Geology |access-date=2015-03-16 |author=Keith Montgomery |year=2003 |publisher=University of Wisconsin }}

The rocks above an unconformity are younger than the rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity represents time during which no sediments were preserved in a region or were subsequently eroded before the next deposition. The local record for that time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic history of that area. The interval of geologic time not represented is called a hiatus. It is a kind of relative dating.

Types

=Disconformity=

File:Disconformity.jpg

A disconformity is an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXfhFnoQBQ0C&pg=PA267 | title=Physical geology: exploring the Earth | publisher=Cengage Learning | author=Monroe J.S., Wicander R. & Hazlett R.W. | year=2007 | pages=267 | isbn=9780495011484}} Disconformities are marked by features of subaerial erosion. This type of erosion can leave channels and paleosols in the rock record.{{cite book |last1=Boggs |first1=Sam |title=Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=0131547283 |edition=4th |page=405}}

=Nonconformity=

File:Nonconformity.jpg

A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, then the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=W. Lee|title=Essentials of Earth History 4th Edition|publisher=Prentice Hall, Inc.|year=1982|isbn=0-13-285890-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofeart0000stok/page/65 65]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofeart0000stok/page/65}}

=Angular unconformity=

File:Angular unconformity.jpg

An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|pp=404-405}} The whole sequence may later be deformed and tilted by further orogenic activity. A typical case history is presented by the Briançonnais realm (Swiss and French Prealps) during the Jurassic.Septfontaine M. (1984): Le Dogger des Préalpes médianes suisses et françaises - stratigraphie, évolution paléogéographique et paléotectonique.- Mém. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat., vol. 97, 121 p. (Birkhäuser éd.)Septfontaine M. (1995): Large scale progressive unconformities in Jurassic strata of the Prealps South of lake Geneva: interpretation as synsedimentary inversion structures. Paleotectonic implications. Eclogae geol. Helv., 88:3 553–576.

Angular unconformities can occur in ash fall layers of pyroclastic rock deposited by volcanoes during explosive eruptions. In these cases, the hiatus in deposition represented by the unconformity may be geologically very short – hours, days or weeks.

=Paraconformity=

File:Paraconformity.jpg

A paraconformity is a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel, but there is no obvious erosional break between them. A break in sedimentation is indicated, for example, by fossil evidence. It is also called nondepositional unconformity or pseudoconformity.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8j-6UTXHmDkC&pg=PA15 | title=Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy | publisher=Elsevier | author=Catuneanu O. | year=2006 | pages=15 | isbn=9780080473987}}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irgrAQAAMAAJ&q=pseudoconformity | title=Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: An International Reference Work, Volume 14 | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=1966 | pages=192}} Short paraconformities are called diastems.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|p=401}}

=Buttress unconformity=

A buttress unconformity, also known as onlap unconformity, occurs when younger bedding is deposited against older strata thus influencing its bedding structure.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvG5BAAAQBAJ&q=%22buttress+unconformity%22&pg=SA1-PA7 | title=3-D Structural Geology: A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | author=Groshong R. H. | year=2013 | isbn=9783662039120}}

=Blended unconformity=

A blended unconformity is a type of disconformity or nonconformity with no distinct separation plane or contact, sometimes consisting of soils, paleosols, or beds of pebbles derived from the underlying rock.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yD79FqfECCYC&pg=PA278 | title=Glossary of Geology | author=Neuendorf K.K.E. | year=2005 | pages=73 | publisher=Springer | isbn=9780922152766}}

Gallery

File:Disconformity Horni Pocernice.jpg|Disconformity at Horni Pocernice, Czech Republic

File:Borden-Sharon unconformity.jpg|Disconformity (at the hammer) between underlying Mississippian Borden Formation and overlying Pennsylvanian Sharon Conglomerate, near Jackson, Ohio

File:Taum Sauk precambrian-cambrian unconformity.jpg|There is a billion-year gap in the geologic record where this 500-million-year-old dolomite nonconformably overlies 1.5-billion-year-old rhyolite, near Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station, Missouri.

File:Ratssteinbruch Dresden-Doelzschen.jpg|Nonconformity at Ratssteinbruch near Dresden, Germany

File:Siccar Point red capstone closeup.jpg|Hutton's angular unconformity at Siccar Point where Famennian age (371–359 Ma) Devonian Old Red Sandstone overlies Llandovery age (444–433 Ma) Silurian greywacke{{cite web |title=Redheugh Sandstone Formation |url=https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=REMU |website=BGS Lexicon of Names Rock Units |publisher=British Geological Survey |access-date=5 February 2023}}

File:Angular Unconformity at Praia do Telheiro in Algarve in Portugal.png|Angular unconformity of Triassic rocks overlying steeply-tilted Carboniferous rocks at Praia do Telheiro, Portugal

File:Steamboat Butte New Mexico.jpg|Angular unconformity between the underlying Dockum Group and the overlying Exeter Sandstone at Steamboat Butte in the valley of the Dry Cimmarron, New Mexico

File:Winkeldiskordanz.JPG|Angular unconformity in Jingtai County, China

File:Tephra Layers at Chimborazo Volcano in Ecuador.jpg|Angular unconformity in pyroclastic rock layers erupted by Chimborazo volcano, Ecuador

Image:GP_0147_%282%29.JPG|Geological unconformity, Camelback mountain, Arizona, showing deposition of Chattian sandstone (right) on Precambrian granite (left).