United States MRAP program

File:COL Curry & his Cougar2.JPG

The MRAP class is separated into three categories according to weight and size.

File:Navistar MaxxPro.JPG

The Mine-Resistant Utility Vehicle (MRUV) is relatively small and light, designed for urban operations. These Category 1 MRAP vehicles were ordered or are in service:

• BAE Caiman 4x4 – 2,864 ordered.{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?%20ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-16-2007/0004625806&EDATE= |title=Armor Holdings, Inc. Receives $518 Million MRAP Award |date=2007-07-16 |publisher=prnewswire.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002041332/http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?%20ACCT=104&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F07-16-2007%2F0004625806&EDATE= |archive-date=October 2, 2012 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=2898910&C= |publisher=America DefenseNews.com |title=U.S. Marines Order 1,170 MRAPs |date=13 July 2007}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
• BAE OMC RG-31{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/03/mrap-advance-purchase-2-oshkosh-pvi-gd/index.phple= |title=MRAP Advance Purchase #2: Oshkosh, PVI & GD |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=6 Mar 2007}}{{dead link |date=November 2013}}
• BAE RG-33 4x4{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/mrap-survivable-rides-start-rolling/index.php#more |title=MRAP: Survivable Rides, Start Rolling |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329044013/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/mrap-survivable-rides-start-rolling/index.php |archive-date=March 29, 2007}}
• Force Protection Cougar H 4x4 – 1,560 vehicles ordered.{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/05/cougar-armored-trucks-to-stalk-mines-on-the-battlefield-updated/index.php |title=Cougar Armored Trucks to Stalk Mines on the Battlefield (updated) |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=12 Nov 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406011724/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/05/cougar-armored-trucks-to-stalk-mines-on-the-battlefield-updated/index.php |archive-date=April 6, 2007}}
• International MaxxPro – 7,474 vehicles ordered.{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=2798979&C=america |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20180808041322/https://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F%3D2798979%26C%3Damerica |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-08-08 |title=U.S. Orders 1,200 MRAPs |date=2007-05-31 |access-date=2007-05-31 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=3120555&C= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103020620/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=3120555&C= |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |publisher=DefenseNews.com |title=DoD Orders 2,400 MRAPs from 3 Firms |date=2007-10-18 }}
• Textron M1117 Guardian – Removed from competition as of 18 May 2007."[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/textrons-m1117-removed-from-mrap-competition-03304 Textron's M1117 Removed from MRAP Competition]." Defense Industry Daily. 18 May 2007.
• Protected Vehicles Inc./Oshkosh Truck Alpha – Removed from competition as of 29 June 2007.{{cite news |url=http://www.projo.com/business/content/BZ_oshkosh29_07-29-07_116HOUK.31df7e3.html |title=Pentagon rejects Oshkosh's truck design |work=The Providence Journal projo.com |date=2007-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013204/http://www.projo.com/business/content/BZ_oshkosh29_07-29-07_116HOUK.31df7e3.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/mrap-another-one-bites-the-dust-03574/#more |title=MRAP: Another One Bites the Dust? |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=Aug 5, 2007}}

The Joint Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Rapid Response Vehicle (JERRV) is designed for missions including convoy lead, troop transport, ambulance, explosive ordnance disposal and combat engineering.

These Category II MRAP vehicles were ordered or are currently in service:

• Force Protection Cougar HE 6x6 – 950 vehicles ordered.
• BAE RG-33L 6x6
• GDLS RG-31E – 600 vehicles ordered.{{cite web |url=http://www.gd.com/news/press_releases/2007/NewsRelease%20August%208,%202007.htm |title=pressrelease |publisher=General Dynamics News |date=August 8, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213415/http://www.gd.com/news/press_releases/2007/NewsRelease%20August%208%2C%202007.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}
• Thales Australia Bushmaster IMV – Removed from competition as of 7 August 2007.{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/mrap-oshkosh-entries-stalled-on-2-fronts-03629/ |title=MRAP: Oshkosh Entries Stalled on 2 Fronts |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=Aug 19, 2007}}
• Protected Vehicles Inc Golan – 60 vehicles ordered. Later the Golan was eliminated from the competition and all vehicles were discarded.{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/land/jdw/jdw080528_1_n.shtml |title=MRAPs on the march |publisher=Jane's Land Forces News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530225522/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/land/jdw/jdw080528_1_n.shtml |archive-date=May 30, 2008}}
• International MaxxPro XL – 16 vehicles ordered.[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070619006338/en/U.S.-Marine-Corps-Awards-8.5-Million-Contract#.U_qT0hCGfiQ "U.S. Marine Corps Awards $8.5 Million Contract for Category II Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles to International Military and Government, LLC"]. BusinessWire.com, 19 June 2007.
• BAE Caiman 6x6 – 16 vehicles ordered.

• Force Protection Buffalo MRV for mine- and IED-clearing functionality, with 6 seats.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

File:USAFMRAP.jpg stands in front of an MRAP in Southwest Asia.]]

File:M153 CROWS mounted on a U.S. Army M-ATV.jpg

File:Caiman mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles in Iraq.jpg

File:3- CAPRIVI MK1 - Special Security Forces Vehicles (My Trip To Al-Jenadriyah 32).jpg

On 31 July 2007, the Marine Corps Systems Command launched an MRAP II pre-solicitation to develop a new vehicle with better protection, particularly against such threats as explosively formed penetrators.[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/usa-issues-mrap-ii-pre-solicitation-03576/ USA Issues MRAP-II Solicitation] - Defense Industry Daily, 5 August 2007 While the Frag Kit 6 was designed to handle EFPs, the MRAP II competition's purpose was to find a vehicle that did not need the upgrade kit. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory worked to ensure the technologies used in Frag Kit 6 would be available to MRAP II designers. The 2007 solicitation asked for greater flexibility.{{cite web |url=http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0807/news/030807_mrap2.htm |title=Marine Corps Systems Command Launches MRAP II Solicitation |access-date=5 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091401/http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0807/news/030807_mrap2.htm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}[http://www.fbodaily.com/archive/2007/08-August/02-Aug-2007/FBO-01357917.htm FILE {{!}}23 {{!}}Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles (MRAP) II Enhanced Vehicle Competitive {{!}}02-Aug-2007 - FBO#2075] fbodaily.com

Initial testing at Aberdeen Proving Grounds disqualified Force Dynamics (reinforced Cougar), GDLS Canada (upgraded BAE OMC RG-31), Navistar subsidiary IMG (upgraded MaxxPro), Textron's upgraded M1117, and Protected Vehicles, Inc's upgraded Golan vehicle.[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/efp-mines-ceradyne-i3-say-bull-03363/#more-3363 EFP Mines? Ceradyne & i3 Say "Bull!"] 19 December 2007, defenseindustrydaily.com Blackwater USA (Grizzly APC with Ares EXO Scale appliqué armor) was later disqualified due to limited forward armor.

The two qualified designs were an upgraded Caiman designed by Armor Holdings (later acquired by BAE Systems), and the Bull, a combined effort between Ideal Innovations Inc, Ceradyne and Oshkosh. Both designs weighed 40,000 lb or more.

According to the Army Times, the Pentagon had already decided to buy first-generation 14- to 24-ton MRAP I vehicles with extra Frag Kit 6-derived armor, not the 30-ton MRAP II vehicles.{{cite web |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/07/defense_MRAP_II_070308/ |title=DoD won't buy MRAP II, sources say |date=3 July 2008 |publisher=Army News, Army Times}} The paper also reported that, in addition, the Pentagon might buy some shorter, lighter MRAPs. A senior Pentagon official told them that "the roads are caving in" under the weight of MRAPs and "We want it to weigh less".{{cite web |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/07/defense_MRAP_071708/ |title= Pentagon may buy shorter, lighter MRAPs |publisher= Army News, Army Times |date= 17 July 2008}}

In 2010 Textron presented the Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV), a protective capsule that can increase Humvee survivability to MRAP levels while significantly improving mobility. SCTV consisted of five kits; all five need to be installed before the vehicle can be properly called an SCTV. The vehicle features a monocoque V-shaped hull and angled sides to help deflect rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) with scalable levels of protection. It has greater engine power, replacing the 6.5 liter diesel engine with a Cummins 6.7 liter diesel and Allison 6-speed transmission, as well as stronger suspension, improved brakes, higher ground clearance, and many other modifications.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

{{main|Joint Light Tactical Vehicle}}

Vehicles built as part of the MRAP program are often criticized for their bulk. The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle is designed to provide the same protection as an MRAP vehicle with lower weight and greater maneuverability.

In 2015, Oshkosh was awarded a contract to produce up to 49,100 vehicles for the US Army and Marine Corps based on its successful MRAP ATV.

{{Update section|date=October 2022}}

File:Army mil-2008-06-13-162413.jpgh, IZ. [Signature] CW2, SF".]]

In 2004, the United States Marine Corps reported that no troops had died in more than 300 IED attacks on Cougar vehicles. In 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates decided to increase MRAP vehicle orders.{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/military/2007-08-01-force-protection-mraps_N.htm |title=The truck the Pentagon wants and the firm that makes it |work=USA Today |author=Peter Eisler |date=2007-08-01}} On 8 May 2007, Gates announced that acquisition of MRAPs was the Department of Defense's highest priority{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/graphics/ied-deaths/flash.htm?tabNum=tab1 |work=USA Today |title=U.S. military struggles to adapt to war's top killer |access-date=2010-05-13}} for fiscal year 2007; $1.1 billion was earmarked.{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2007/April/Pages/Surgeinvehicle2667.aspx |title=Surge in vehicle orders calls for unconventional buying methods |work=National Defense |author=Sandra I. Erwin |date=April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113544/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2007/April/Pages/Surgeinvehicle2667.aspx |archive-date=2014-08-26 }} A 2008 GAO report found that Marine combat planners had delayed "an urgent request in 2005 for 1,169 MRAPs",{{cite news |author1=Tom Vanden Brook |title=MRAP whistle-blower returning to Marines post |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/military/story/2011-11-16/mrap-whistleblower-marines-clearance/51241750/1 |work=USA Today |date=2011-11-16 |access-date=23 August 2014}} primarily because then-commandant General Michael Hagee wanted to preserve funding for up-armoring Humvees, believing they were the quickest way to protect Marines from roadside bomb threats.[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/2014/09/25/mrap-whistleblower-scores-victories-in-settlement-with-marine-corps/16235225/ MRAP whistleblower scores victories in settlement with Marine Corps], MarineCorpstimes.com, 25 September 2014

In late 2007, the Marine Corps planned to replace all Humvees in combat zones with MRAP vehicles, although that changed.{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,153219,00.html |title=Marines Urge Caution on MRAP Fielding |author=Christian Lowe |publisher=military.com |date=19 October 2007}}{{cite magazine |url=http://weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/469aowix.asp?pg=2 |title=Another Casualty of the Surge |date=Dec 11, 2007 |author=Christian Lowe |magazine=Weekly Standard |access-date=December 14, 2007 |archive-date=July 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715205914/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/469aowix.asp?pg=2 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,157595,00.html |title=Armored Vehicle Cut Threatens Industry |publisher=military.com |agency=Associated Press |date=December 5, 2007}}"{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/mrap-vehicle-order-1000-cougars-to-be-turned-loose-03243/ |title=MRAP Vehicle Order: 1,000 Cougars to be Turned Loose |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |date=25 April 2007}} As armored vehicles were considered an urgent need in Afghanistan, the MRAP program was primarily funded under an "emergency war budget".Report No. D-2009-030

Originally, Brigadier General Michael Brogan was in charge of the Marine MRAP program; he was succeeded by Brigadier General Frank Kelley, Commander, United States Marine Corps Systems Command.[http://www.dla.mil/DLAPublic/DLA_Media_Center/TopStories.aspx?ID=645 Top Stories]. dla.mil {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927170115/http://www.dla.mil/DLAPublic/DLA_Media_Center/TopStories.aspx?ID=645 |date=September 27, 2011}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091223035235/http://defensetech.org/2007/10/02/frag-kit-6-to-go-on-mraps/ Frag Kit 6 to go on MRAPs]}} Defense Tech The Army MRAP program was managed by Kevin Fahey, U.S. Army Program Executive Officer for Combat Support and Combat Service Support.[http://www.peocscss.army.mil/Bios/BIO_MR_Fahey_Formatted.pdf Mr. Kevin M. Fahey, Program Executive Officer, Combat Support & Combat Service Support] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115219/http://www.peocscss.army.mil/Bios/BIO_MR_Fahey_Formatted.pdf |date=2014-08-26 }}. peocscss.army.mil{{cite web |url=http://peocscss.tacom.army.mil/org.html |access-date=June 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528033330/http://peocscss.tacom.army.mil/org.html |title=PEO CS&CSS Organization |archive-date=May 28, 2010 |website=Program Executive Office {{!}} Combat Support & Combat Service Support |publisher=Department of the Army}}

In 2007, the Pentagon ordered about 10,000 MRAPs at a cost of over $500,000 each, and planned to order more.

On 14 March 2008, the U.S. military ordered 1,024 (2) Caimans from BAE (worth $481.8 million), 743 (1) MaxxPros from Navistar ($410.7 million), and special command vehicles and ambulances from BAE ($234 million).{{cite news |url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=companyNews&storyid=251803+14-Mar-2008+RTRS&WTmodLoc=InvArt-L2-CompanyNews-3 |title=Today |publisher=Reuters.com |date=14 March 2008}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} On 17 July 2007, the U.S. Marine Corps System Command ordered 773 RG31 (1) MRAPs ($552M) from General Dynamics Land Systems Canada for delivery by April 2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/07-17-2008/0004851347&EDATE |title=General Dynamics to Supply 773 RG-31 MRAP Vehicles to U.S. Defense Department |publisher=prnewswire.com |date=17 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811075450/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109 |archive-date=August 11, 2008}}

On 19 June 2007 the U.S. Army ordered an additional 44 BAE RG-31 Mk 5 vehicles and an additional 369 M1117 ASVs.

The MRAP Armor Weight Reduction Spiral (MAWRS) Program reduced weight by 40 percent, and was fielded on more than 10,000 MRAP vehicles in 2008. The program was led by the Army Research Laboratory.{{Cite journal|last=PROSPECTIVE TECH INC COLUMBIA MD|date=2010-12-01|title=Army Programmatic Environmental Assessment of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicle Program|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ada578517|doi-access=}}

Forecasting the need for better and lighter protection from IEDs, ARL developed aggressive weight-reduction goals and set out to demonstrate practical technology options by the end of the 2008 financial year.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ARLAnnualReview2008_FinalDraft|title=Annual Review 2008 US Army Research Laboratory|last=US Army Research Laboratory|others=U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)}}

The program's technical approach was to exploit computing and terminal-effects experimentation to scale known technologies, understand the most viable armor mechanisms for penetrator defeat, and to introduce light-weight composites, new materials, and enhanced ballistic mechanisms to reduce weight.

The ARL's MAWRS program was recognized by U.S. Army Materiel Command as among the "Top Ten Great Inventions of 2008."{{Cite news|url=http://www.forthoodsentinel.com/news/ten-best-technologies-recognized-by-army/article_729bdeb3-3905-5f3e-964d-7fd27dd53b60.html|title=Ten best technologies recognized by Army|last=ARNEWS|first=C. Todd Lopez|work=Fort Hood Sentinel|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en}}

Oshkosh was awarded a $1.06 B firm-fixed-priced delivery order to exercise an option for 1,700 MRAP All Terrain Vehicles. A similar Army contract for 1,700 MRAP ATVs was valued at a further $1.06 B.{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryindustrialcomplex.com/datespec.asp?dateAwarded=7/31/2009 |publisher=Militaryindustrialcomplex.com |title=Defense Contracts Listing for 7/31/2009 |date=2009-07-31}}{{Inconsistent|date=September 2021|reason=Unclear what model and what category this is. The only above section that references Oshkosh mentions they were no longer going to get orders by 2007.}} By 2009, the U.S. Department of Defense had spent $20 billion on the MRAP program.{{cite web |url=http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2009/06/4071900/ |author=Donnelly, Tom |title=Why Gates is wrong |publisher=Armed Forces Journal}} Total MRAP program expenditure with final deliveries was expected to be $48.5 billion (FY10-11).

The MRAP program was criticized for its nearly $50 billion cost,{{cite magazine |author1=Alex Rogers |title=The MRAP: Brilliant Buy, or Billions Wasted? |url=https://nation.time.com/2012/10/02/the-mrap-brilliant-buy-or-billions-wasted/ |access-date=23 August 2014 |magazine=Time |date=Oct 2, 2012}} the potential logistical difficulties due to high fuel consumption and varied designs, decreased connection between troops and the local population due to MRAPs' size and appearance, which conflicted with counter-insurgency (COIN) strategy, and unclear disposal routes. In 2007, the post-war fate of MRAPs was uncertain, given their high transport and operational costs.{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensetech.org/archives/003798.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020122418/http://www.defensetech.org/archives/003798.html|url-status=usurped|title=Defense Tech: Corps Asks for MRAP Slowdown|archive-date=October 20, 2007}}Andrew Krepinevich and Dakota Wood. [http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/S.20071017.Of_IEDs_and_MRAPs/S.20071017.Of_IEDs_and_MRAPs.pdf Of IEDs and MRAPs: Force Protection In Complex Irregular Operations"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111050/http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/S.20071017.Of_IEDs_and_MRAPs/S.20071017.Of_IEDs_and_MRAPs.pdf |date=2007-10-22 }}, 17 October 2007. MRAP funding pulled money away from other tactical vehicle programs, most noticeably the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle, which was delayed by two years.[http://defensenewsstand.com/insider.asp?issue=09272007].{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} InsideDefense.com NewsStand: The Insider, 27 September 2007.

According to Army Times, troops openly wondered about some MRAPs. One question centered around the inwards-facing design of the rear seats, given that an outward-facing design would have allowed troops to fire through ports, which some versions lacked. The height and steepness of the dropdown stairs at the rear of some versions was claimed to hamper vehicle exit. Troops riding in the rear could easily hit their heads on the ceiling in rough terrain, thereby risking serious brain and spinal injuries.{{cite news |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/07/marines_MRAP_070108w/ |title=SF deaths come amid MRAP rollover concerns: Three soldiers drowned after RG-31 rolled into canal in Afghanistan |date=July 3, 2008 |first=Bryan |last=Mitchell |author2=Andrew Scutro |author3=Kris Osborn}}

Earlier reports had stated that the MRAP was well received, with US troops stating that they would rather be hit by an IED in an MRAP than in a Humvee.{{cite web |url=http://www.dragoons.org/news-center/2007/11/01/a-new-age-in-troop-protection/ |title=The 2d Cavalry Assn News Center » A new age in troop protection, 1 November 2007 |access-date=5 November 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201230136/https://www.2dcavalryassociation.com/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |last= Vanden Brook |first= Tom |title= Long-term needs lessen, but vehicles still sought |newspaper= USA Today |date= 2007-12-16 |url= https://www.usatoday.com/news/military/2007-12-16-MRAP_N.htm |access-date= 2008-08-03}}

File:Caimanrollover.JPG

A 13 June 2008 Marine Corps report exposed concerns about rollovers. The V-shaped hulls of the MRAP vehicles raised their centers of gravity, and the weight can damage the badly built/poorly maintained roads in rural Iraq or Afghanistan to the point of collapse. Almost 40 of the 66 MRAP accidents between 7 November 2007 and 8 June 2008 were due to rollovers. In many of the rollovers, troops were injured. In two separate incidents, five soldiers were killed by rolling over into a canal, trapping the soldiers underwater with no means of escape. The report said 75% of all rollovers occurred in rural areas, often where roads had been built above grade with an adjacent ditch or canal.

The report also raised concerns associated with MRAP vehicles snagging on low-hanging power lines or its antennas passing close enough to create an electric arc, which might electrocute the passengers.{{cite news |url=http://www.journalinquirer.com/nation_and_world/with-video-fatal-mrap-accidents-prompt-warnings/article_9f252304-4b09-51c7-a882-218747d509eb.html |agency= Associated Press |title= Fatal MRAP accidents prompt warnings |date= 24 July 2008 |publisher= Journal Inquirer, Manchester, CT}}

File:Cougar Hit By IED.jpg

The MRAP may not be sufficiently effective against Explosively Formed Penetrators (EFP), which use an explosive charge to propel a specially shaped metal plate at high velocity while simultaneously forming it into an armor-piercing projectile. In Iraq, EFP use more than doubled in 2006.{{cite news |last=Bryce |first=Robert |title=Surge of danger for U.S. troops |work=Salon.com |date=2007-01-22 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/01/22/ieds/index.html |access-date=2008-08-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617032907/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/01/22/ieds/index.html |archive-date=2008-06-17}}{{cite news |last=Vanden Brook |first=Tom |title=MRAPs can't stop newest weapon |work=USA Today |date=2007-05-31 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-05-31-mrap-nsurgents_N.htm |access-date=2008-08-03}} In 2007, 11 percent of all roadside bomb fatalities were due to EFPs.{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htweap/articles/20080521.aspx |title=Weapons: Dealing With EFPs |publisher= Strategypage.com |date=May 21, 2008}} In 2007, the Marines had estimated that MRAPs could reduce IED casualties in Iraq by as much as 80 percent.{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/files/2007-03-28_Biden_MRAP_Amendment_Speech.doc |title=Biden MRAP Amendment Speech |format=DOC |publisher=defenseindustrydaily.com |date=2007-03-28}}

This MRAP weakness was addressed by the next-generation MRAP II. As an interim solution, the military installed a variant of the Humvee's IED-defeating Frag Kit 6 armor, which adds significant weight and width. In July 2008, the U.S. military reported the number of EFP attacks had dropped by 70 percent.{{cite news |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/07/gns_efp_071708/ |title=EFPs in Iraq drop 70 percent in 3 months |first=Jim |last=Michaels |date=July 18, 2008 |work=Army Times}}

On 19 January 2008, a 3rd Infantry Division U.S. Army soldier, Specialist Richard Burress, operating as the exposed turret gunner was killed in a Navistar MaxxPro MRAP by an ANFO IED estimated at {{cvt|600|lb|kg}}.{{Cite web |title=iCasualties Iraq: Iraq Fatalities |url=http://icasualties.org/App/Fatalities?page=7&rows=100 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=icasualties.org}}{{cite news |url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/020208/met_242926844.shtml |title=Army's new protective vehicle saved soldier's life in Iraq |work=The Florida Times-Union |publisher=Jacksonville.com |date=2008-02-02 |first=Kevin |last=Turner |access-date=2008-02-02 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010084204/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/020208/met_242926844.shtml |url-status=dead }} It is unknown whether the gunner was killed by the explosion or by the subsequent vehicle rollover. The v-hull was not compromised. The crew compartment also appeared to be uncompromised, and the three other crew members inside the vehicle survived.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/world/middleeast/22vehicle.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ei=5088&en=147b65d317fbd6fe&ex=1358658000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |title=Hopes for Vehicle Questioned After Iraq Blast |first=Stephen |last=Farrell |date=2008-01-22 |access-date=2010-05-13}}{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL22400735 |title=US suffers first death in new armoured truck |first=Paul |last=Tait |date=2008-01-22 |work=Reuters}}{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/hopes-for-ny-times-reporting-questioned-after-mrap-story-04673/ |title=Hopes for NY Times Reporting Questioned After MRAP Story |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=Jan 24, 2008}}

Although this was reported as the first MRAP combat death, later reports stated that three soldiers had earlier been killed by IEDs in RG-31s and two by EFPs in Buffalos.{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2008/01/mrap_confusion_1.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207204541/http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2008/01/mrap_confusion_1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 7, 2008 |work=Weekly Standard |title=MRAP Confusion |date=26 January 2008 |author=Michael Goldfarb}} As of 6 May 2008, eight soldiers had been reported killed in the thousands of MRAPs in Iraq.{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/news/article/new-concerns-after-2-die-in-mrap.html |publisher=Military.com |title=New concerns after 2 die in MRAP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604124354/http://www.military.com/news/article/new-concerns-after-2-die-in-mrap.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009}} In June 2008, USA Today reported that roadside bomb attacks and fatalities were down almost 90%, partially due to MRAPs. "They've taken hits, many, many hits that would have killed soldiers and Marines in unarmored Humvees," according to Adm. Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2008-06-22-ieds_N.htm |title=Roadside bombs decline in Iraq |work=USA Today |date=22 June 2008}}

Major General Rick Lynch, who commanded a division in Baghdad, told USA Today that the 14-ton MRAPs had forced insurgents to build bigger, more sophisticated bombs. Those bombs are more difficult to build and set up, increasing the chance of catching the insurgents. According to Marinetimes.com, the Taliban focused their efforts away from anti-materiel IEDs and more toward smaller anti-personnel bombs to target soldiers on patrol.{{cite web |title=New weapons, war dogs eyed to fight IEDs |work=Marine Corps Times |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/05/marine-corps-ied-afghanistan-george-flynn-050911w/ |publisher=Gannett Government Media Corporation |access-date=9 May 2011 |author=Dan Lamothe |date=9 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826083650/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/05/marine-corps-ied-afghanistan-george-flynn-050911w |archive-date=2011-08-26 |url-status=dead }}

The MRAP program is similar to the United States Army's Medium Mine Protected Vehicle program.[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/05/us-army-17000-mrap-vehicles-to-replace-hummers/index.php US Army: 17,000 MRAP Vehicles to Replace Hummers?] Defense Industry Daily, 11 May 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514041425/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/05/us-army-17000-mrap-vehicles-to-replace-hummers/index.php |date=May 14, 2007}}

File:US Navy 080113-N-0292S-066 Mine resistant ambush protected vehicles (MRAP) are offloaded from the Military Sealift Command roll-on-roll-off ship USNS Pililaau (T-AKR 304) onto the pier.jpg

The MRAP program's lack of a common design presented a logistic challenge, but the diversity of MRAP vehicles also conferred an advantage.[http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,153979,00.html Diversity Adds Depth to MRAP], Military.com, business unit of Monster Worldwide {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023075326/http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,153979,00.html |date=October 23, 2007}} Their weight and size limits their use away from main roads, in urban areas, and over bridges,[http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,157595,00.html?ESRC=iraq.RSS Armored Vehicle Cut Threatens Industry], Military.com, business unit of Monster Worldwide as 72 percent of the world's bridges cannot support the MRAP.[http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2008/January/WashPulse.htm Washington Pulse] nationaldefensemagazine.org, January 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705135548/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2008/January/WashPulse.htm |date=July 5, 2008}} Their heft restricts transport by C-130 cargo aircraft or amphibious ships. Three MRAP vehicles (or five Oshkosh M-ATVs) fit in a C-17 aircraft, and airlifting is expensive, at $150,000 per vehicle.{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htlog/20100322.aspx |title=Logistics: The Bottleneck |publisher=Strategyworld.com |date=2010-03-22 |access-date=2013-11-16}}

The US Air Force contracted several Russian Antonov An-124 heavy-cargo aircraft, which became a familiar sight above cities such as Charleston, South Carolina, where some MRAPs were produced.[http://www.charleston.net/news/2008/jan/05/air_force_hires_russian_jets26735/ USAF Hires Russian Jets] 5 January 2008, Charleston.net {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106131954/http://www.charleston.net/news/2008/jan/05/air_force_hires_russian_jets26735/ |date=January 6, 2008}} For comparison, sealifting costs around $13,000 per vehicle, but takes 3–4 weeks.[http://www.army.com/news/item/3407 Army.com - Sealift of MRAP vehicles begins] Army.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205165844/http://www.army.com/news/item/3407 |date=December 5, 2007}} In December 2007, the Marine Corps reduced its request from 3,700 vehicles to 2,300. The Army also reassessed its MRAP requirements.{{cite news |url=http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,157978,00.html |title= General: Army Will Need Fewer MRAPs |author=Jeff Schogol |date= 11 December 2007}}{{cite news

|last= Vanden Brook

|first= Tom

|title= Military sets sights on at least 15,000 MRAPs

|newspaper= USA Today

|date= 2007-12-19

|url= https://www.usatoday.com/news/military/2007-12-19-mraps_N.htm

|access-date= 2008-08-03}} In January 2010, 400 were flown into Afghanistan, increasing to 500 a month in February, but the goal of 1,000 a month was scaled back because of distribution and training difficulties.

Following the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan, questions arose as to what to do with MRAPs, as they were designed specifically for asymmetric warfare. The Army decided they would keep them in some sort of service. Of the approximately 20,000 MRAPs in service, 30 percent (6,000) would stay in brigade combat teams as troop transports and route clearance vehicles, 10 percent (2,000) would move to training, and the rest would go into storage. MRAPs were to be superseded by the JLTV in 2016. They may still be used until 2022, when the JLTV achieves sufficient numbers.[http://www.military.com/daily-news/2012/05/25/army-refining-long-term-mrap-plan.html?comp=7000023468004&rank=1 Army Refining Long Term MRAP Plan] - Military.com, May 25, 2012

On 1 October 2012, the Pentagon officially closed the MRAP production line. As of that date, 27,740 MRAP vehicles had been fielded from seven manufacturers, 12,726 vehicles were still in Afghanistan, about 870 were sold to foreign militaries, and 700 were on foreign order.[http://www.dodbuzz.com/2012/10/01/pentagon-shuts-mrap-production-line/ Pentagon shuts MRAP production line] - DoDBuzz.com, October 1, 2012

In early July 2012, five MRAP vehicles were delivered to the 2nd Infantry Division in the Korean Peninsula. The 2ID tested over 50 vehicles to see how they would be used there and whether their capabilities were right for Korea. In addition to force protection, MRAPs provided a platform for "mission command-on-the-move" to protect command-and-control capabilities while moving across the battlefield. Most MRAPs in Korea were redeployed to Iraq or Afghanistan.{{cite news

| last = Rabiroff

| first = Jon

| date = 12 July 2012

| title = MRAPs represent new tool on contentious Korean peninsula

| url = http://www.stripes.com/news/mraps-represent-new-tool-on-contentious-korean-peninsula-1.182765

| url-status = dead

| work = Stars and Stripes

| location = Washington, DC

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120714114952/http://www.stripes.com/news/mraps-represent-new-tool-on-contentious-korean-peninsula-1.182765

| archive-date = 14 July 2012

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}

North Korean military officials claimed MRAPs would be used to safely cross the DMZ to attack the North, and said the forward deployment of such military hardware disturbed peace and stability. However, by August 2013, the 2ID had decided not to utilize the over 80 MRAPs on the peninsula. They determined the vehicles were "not suitable for maneuver battalions to use" and no plans involved adding MRAPs. The vehicles were returned to the Army fleet management system.

{{cite news

| last = Rabiroff

| first = Jon

| date = 16 August 2013

| title = MRAP no good for Korea, 2ID decides

| url = https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/mrap-no-good-for-korea-2id-decides-1.235725

| work = Stars and Stripes

| location = Washington, DC

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}

In 2013 the U.S. government attempted to sell about 2,000 out of the 11,000 MRAPs in Afghanistan. The logistical and financial task of bringing the vehicles back to the U.S. ($50,000 per vehicle), or destroying some in-country, was prohibitive.{{cite news

| last = McLeary

| first = Paul

| date = 4 December 2013

| title = US Looking to Sell Portion of Afghan MRAP Fleet

| url = http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131204/DEFREG02/312040013/US-Looking-Sell-Portion-Afghan-MRAP-Fleet

| url-status = dead

| work = Defense News

| location = Tysons, Virginia

| archive-url = https://archive.today/20131207165337/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131204/DEFREG02/312040013/US-Looking-Sell-Portion-Afghan-MRAP-Fleet

| archive-date = 7 December 2013

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}} Destruction costs were estimated to be $10,000 per vehicle.{{cite news

| author =

| title = U.S. Considers Demolishing Its Vehicles in Afghanistan

| url = https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2014/03/14/u-s-must-demolish-thousands-of-its-vehicles-in-afghanistan

| work = Military.com

| location =

| date = 14 March 2014

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}

In September 2014, the U.S. approved a $2.5 billion deal with the United Arab Emirates Army for over 4,500 surplus U.S. MRAPs. 1,150 vehicles were Caimans.{{cite press release

| author =

| title = UAE – Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles

| url = https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/uae-mine-resistant-ambush-protected-mrap-vehicles

| format =

| location = Washington, DC

| publisher = Defense Security Cooperation Agency

| agency =

| date = 26 September 2014

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}

The U.S. government approved transferring 930 MRAP vehicles to Egypt using the Excess Defense Articles Grant Program. The MRAP vehicles were donated, although Egypt had to pay for shipment and refurbishment.

Pakistan requested MRAPs through the Excess Defense Articles program. It offered to buy them and transport from Afghanistan to Pakistan. After the US rejected the offer, Pakistan bought 200 new MRAPs.

The Defense Department was expected to send 250 MRAPs to Iraq. Iraqi forces were equipped with MRAPs after the U.S. withdrawal in 2011, but many were captured by ISIL during the June 2014 Northern Iraq offensive, and subsequently destroyed by American air strikes. The vehicles were to be transferred, rather than sold, as excess defense articles and be drawn from the U.S. stock of 1,500 MRAPs stored in Kuwait.{{cite news

| author =

| title = Pentagon to Send 250 MRAPs Back To Iraq to Fight ISIS

| url = https://www.military.com/defensetech/2014/12/12/pentagon-to-send-250-mraps-back-to-iraq

| work = Military.com

| location =

| date = 12 December 2014

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}} Of the 250 vehicles, 225 were for Iraqi Security Forces, while 25 were to be given to Kurdish Peshmerga forces.{{cite news

| last = Parsons

| first = Dan

| title = Excess U.S. MRAPs Reaching Kurdish Forces Fighting ISIS In Northern Iraq

| url = https://www.defensedaily.com/excess-u-s-mraps-reaching-kurdish-forces-fighting-isis-in-northern-iraq/army/

| work = Defense Daily

| location = Arlington, Virginia

| date = 23 February 2016

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}

In 2015 around 20 MRAPs were donated to the African Union mission in Somalia. Uzbekistan received 308 MRAP vehicles.

NATO allied countries also acquired surplus MRAPs. Polish Special Forces received 45 M-ATV vehicles. Croatia received 212 Oshkosh M-ATV. These vehicles were transferred within the framework of the Excess Defense Articles program.

In 2022, the U.S. government sent 40 MaxxPro MRAP vehicles to Ukraine as part of a package of military aid under Presidential Drawdown Authority. On October 4, 2022, the U.S. approved the provision of a further 200 MaxxPro MRAPs.

As of September 2013, the U.S. Marine Corps had 3,700–3,800 MRAP vehicles and planned to reduce their inventory to 1,200–1,300 due to sequestration budget cuts,{{cite news

| last = McGarry

| first = Brendan

| date = 26 September 2013

| title = Corps to Industry: Prepare for the Worst

| url = http://www.dodbuzz.com/2013/09/26/corps-to-industry-prepare-for-the-worst/

| url-status = dead

| work = Military.com

| location =

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131201110423/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2013/09/26/corps-to-industry-prepare-for-the-worst/

| archive-date = 1 December 2013

| access-date = 15 June 2024}} but then increased that number to 2,500 vehicles in May 2014.{{cite news

| last = Seck

| first = Hope Hodge

| date = 1 May 2014

| title = Corps doubles the number of MRAPS it will keep

| url = http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140501/NEWS04/305120012/Corps-doubles-number-MRAPS-will-keep

| url-status = dead

| work = Marine Corps Times

| location = Springfield, Virginia

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502152923/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140501/NEWS04/305120012/Corps-doubles-number-MRAPS-will-keep

| archive-date = 2 May 2014

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}

In 2013, the U.S. government planned to keep about 5,600 of 8700 M-ATVs, with some 250 vehicles for U.S. Special Operations Command.{{cite web |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/september_2013_defense_industry_military_news_uk/oshkosh_defense_is_working_on_a_deal_with_saudi_arabia_for_the_sale_of_m-atv_mrap_vehicles_2909131.html |title=Oshkosh Defense is working on a deal with Saudi Arabia for the sale of M-ATV MRAP vehicles |publisher=Armyrecognition.com |date=29 September 2013}} From 2007 to 2011, the Army bought about 9,000 Navistar MaxxPro vehicles, but planned to keep only about 3,000.{{cite news

| last = McLeary

| first = Paul

| date = 21 October 2013

| title = Industry Working To Give the MRAP New Life

| url = http://www.defensenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2013310210045

| url-status = dead

| work = Defense News

| location = Tysons, Virginia

| publisher = Gannett Government Media

| archive-url = https://archive.today/20131026190857/http://www.defensenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2013310210045

| archive-date = 26 October 2013

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}{{cite news

| last = McGarry

| first = Brendan

| date = 23 October 2013

| title = Navistar Pitches New Uses for Old MRAPs

| url = http://www.dodbuzz.com/2013/10/23/navistar-pitches-new-uses-for-old-mraps/

| url-status = dead

| work = Military.com

| location =

| archive-url = https://archive.today/20131024183310/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2013/10/23/navistar-pitches-new-uses-for-old-mraps/

| archive-date = 24 October 2013

| access-date = 15 June 2024

}}

Following the drawdown from Afghanistan by the end of 2014, the U.S. Army planned to reduce its MRAP fleet to 8,000 vehicles. The Army planned to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. 5,036 were to be put in storage, 1,073 used for training and the remainder spread across the force. The M-ATV will keep at most 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs. The other most retained vehicle was the MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles and 301 MaxxPro ambulances; other MRAPs such as the Cougar, Caiman, and larger MaxxPros were to be eliminated. The Army estimated in 2014 that "it will need to spend $1.7 billion in supplemental wartime dollars over the next several years to modernize and retain 8,585 mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles, while divesting itself of another 7,456 MRAPs it no longer needs."{{cite news

| last = McLeary

| first = Paul

| date = 5 January 2014

| title = Majority of US MRAPs To Be Scrapped or Stored

| url = http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140105/DEFREG02/301050007/Majority-US-MRAPs-Scrapped-Stored

| url-status = dead

| work = Defense News

| location = Tysons, Virginia

| publisher = Gannett Government Media

| archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140113095756/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140105/DEFREG02/301050007/Majority%2DUS%2DMRAPs%2DScrapped%2DStored

| archive-date = 13 January 2014

| access-date = 15 June 2024}}

{{See also|Law Enforcement Support Office}}

File:FBI Mine Resistant Ambush vehicle.jpg]]

The United States Department of Homeland Security Rapid Response Teams used MRAPs to assist people affected by hurricanes in 2012,{{cite press release |url=http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1209/120906slidell.htm |title=HSI Rapid Response Team saves 14 stranded by Hurricane Isaac |date=6 September 2012 |publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317234833/http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1209/120906slidell.htm |url-status=dead }} and to pull damaged government vehicles onto the street so they could be towed.{{cite press release |url=http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1211/121115newyork.htm |title=ICE gives full effort to helping personnel affected by Hurricane Sandy |date=15 November 2012 |publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125120945/http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1211/121115newyork.htm |url-status=dead }} The Federal Bureau of Investigation used an MRAP-type vehicle in a child kidnapping case in Midland, Alabama, in 2013.{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/news_blog/photos-of-alabama-bunker-exterior-released |title=Photos of Alabama Bunker Exterior Released |publisher=FBI |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030144751/http://www.fbi.gov/news/news_blog/photos-of-alabama-bunker-exterior-released/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 }}

The Department of Defense's Defense Logistics Agency was tasked with off-loading 13,000 MRAPs to 780 domestic law enforcement agencies on waiting lists for vehicles. The DLA does not transfer property to the agencies, so the vehicles are allocated to the agencies with costs picked up by them or the state, while the vehicles remain Defense Department property. To receive an armored vehicle, a requesting agency has to meet criteria including justification for use (such as for shooting incidents, SWAT operations and drug interdiction), geographical area and multi-jurisdiction use, the ability to pay for repairs and maintenance, and security and restricted vehicle access.{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2014/April/Pages/RepurposedMRAPsFindNewLifeinPoliceAgencies.aspx |title=Repurposed MRAPs Find New Life in Police Agencies |work=National Defense Magazine |date=April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045901/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2014/April/Pages/RepurposedMRAPsFindNewLifeinPoliceAgencies.aspx |archive-date=2014-12-02 }}

U.S. law enforcement agencies can acquire MRAP vehicles through the Law Enforcement Support Office, which redistributes unneeded military equipment to state and municipal agencies. Some police departments acquired MRAPs with no transfer costs or fees. Domestic agencies planned to use them in disaster relief roles, as they can cross flooded areas and provide security in response to terrorist threats.{{cite news |last=Preston |first=Benjamin |date=11 October 2013 |title=Police Are Getting the Military's Leftover Armored Trucks |work=New York Times |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/police-are-getting-the-militarys-leftover-armored-trucks/?_r=0}} Some MRAPs used by police forces have the turret removed and are repainted black.{{cite web |author=Michael Virtanen |date=24 November 2013 |title=Spoils of war: Police getting leftover Iraq trucks |url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20131124/NEWS04/311240014/Spoils-war-Police-getting-leftover-Iraq-trucks |access-date=20 March 2015 |work=Military Times |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713062012/http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20131124/NEWS04/311240014/Spoils-war-Police-getting-leftover-Iraq-trucks |url-status=dead }}

The use of MRAPs by law enforcement is controversial. The American Civil Liberties Union voiced concerns about police militarization and argued that military hardware could escalate violent situations. Many MRAPs were obtained by small police forces that rarely handle relevant incidents. Though the MRAPs were obtained for free, the drawbacks are weight (as much as 18 tons), low fuel efficiency, and expensive refitting for law enforcement use; a closed turret, new seating, loudspeakers, and emergency lights can cost around $70,000.

NASA operated multiple MRAPs for emergency evacuations of Orion spacecraft on launch pads.{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mrap-rolls-through-pad-evacuation-runs-0|title=MRAP Rolls Through Pad Evacuation Runs|first=Steven|last=Siceloff|date=18 June 2015|publisher=NASA|access-date=20 September 2018}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Mine resistant ambush protected vehicles}}

• [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20080509&id=DPowAAAAIBAJ&sjid=798FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2699,3842209 Associated Press article about MRAPs in Iraq (9 May 2008)]
• {{cite web |url=http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/0/E4885590CF8E34DB8525702A007DAB4F?opendocument |title= United States Marine Corps article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228180439/http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/0/E4885590CF8E34DB8525702A007DAB4F?opendocument |archive-date=2006-02-28}}
• [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/mrap.htm Global Security]
• [http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureheavyweights-take-on-ballistics-explosives-ieds/ The heavyweights take on ballistics]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406074107/http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,125462,00.html Billions Needed for New Armored Trucks]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070331132607/http://www.sfu.ca/casr/id-blast-resistant-vehicles-1.htm Blast Resistant vs Armored]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070526182835/http://www.defense-update.com/products/m/mrap.htm MRAP - on Defense Update.com]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714010232/http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0307/news/070307_plasan.htm International Trucks/Plasan Sasa MRAP]
• [https://www.nsnlookup.com/equipment-intelligence/land/mrap MRAP Technical Manuals]
• [https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20070716/1a_iedcoverxx.art.htm Pentagon balked at pleas from officers in field for safer vehicles (USA Today 7-16-07)]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwjJRpEZhkg Troops receive their first MaxxPro MRAPs in Iraq (video)]
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/washington/17armor.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&adxnnlx=1203270133-o/UMp3QSqAmitIRcD4p1xw Study Faults Delay of Armored Trucks for Iraq]
• [http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/MRAPs-for-Austria-05257/ Austrian Armored MRAP design.]

Category:Military vehicles of the United States