Up quark

{{Infobox Particle

|bgcolour =

|name = Up quark

|image =

|caption =

|num_types =

|composition = elementary particle

|statistics = fermionic

|group = quark

|generation = first

|interaction = strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravity

|particle =

|antiparticle = up antiquark ({{SubatomicParticle|Up antiquark}})

|theorized = Murray Gell-Mann (1964){{br}}George Zweig (1964)

|discovered = SLAC (1968)

|symbol = {{SubatomicParticle|up quark}}

|mass = {{val|2.2|+0.5|-0.4|ul=MeV/c2}}

{{cite journal

|author=M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group)

|title=Review of Particle Physics

|year= 2018

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001

|volume=98

|issue=3

|pages=1–708

|journal=Physical Review D

|pmid=10020536

|url=http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=Q123UM

|doi-access=free

|bibcode=2018PhRvD..98c0001T

|hdl=10044/1/68623

|hdl-access=free

}}

|decay_time =

|decay_particle = stable or down quark + positron + electron neutrino

|electric_charge = +{{sfrac|2|3}} e

|color_charge = yes

|spin = {{sfrac|1|2}} ħ

|num_spin_states =

|weak_isospin = {{nowrap|LH: +{{sfrac|1|2}}, RH: 0}}

|weak_hypercharge= {{nowrap|LH: +{{sfrac|1|3}}, RH: +{{sfrac|4|3}}}}

}}

The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a significant constituent of matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It is part of the first generation of matter, has an electric charge of +{{sfrac|2|3}} e and a bare mass of {{val|2.2|+0.5|-0.4|ul=MeV/c2}}. Like all quarks, the up quark is an elementary fermion with spin spin-1/2, and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The antiparticle of the up quark is the up antiquark (sometimes called antiup quark or simply antiup), which differs from it only in that some of its properties, such as charge have equal magnitude but opposite sign.

Its existence (along with that of the down and strange quarks) was postulated in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig to explain the Eightfold Way classification scheme of hadrons. The up quark was first observed by experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.

History

In the beginnings of particle physics (first half of the 20th century), hadrons such as protons, neutrons and pions were thought to be elementary particles. However, as new hadrons were discovered, the 'particle zoo' grew from a few particles in the early 1930s and 1940s to several dozens of them in the 1950s. The relationships between each of them were unclear until 1961, when Murray Gell-Mann

{{cite book

|author=M. Gell-Mann

|year=2000 |orig-year=1964

|chapter=The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry

|editor=M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman

|title=The Eightfold Way

|page=11

|publisher=Westview Press

|isbn=978-0-7382-0299-0

}}{{br}}Original:{{cite journal

|author=M. Gell-Mann

|year=1961

|title=The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry

|journal=Synchrotron Laboratory Report CTSL-20

|publisher=California Institute of Technology

}} and Yuval Ne'eman

{{cite book

|author=Y. Ne'eman

|year=2000 |orig-year=1964

|chapter=Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance

|editor=M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman

|title=The Eightfold Way

|publisher=Westview Press

|isbn=978-0-7382-0299-0

}}{{br}}Original {{cite journal

|author=Y. Ne'eman

|year=1961

|title=Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance

|journal=Nuclear Physics

|volume=26 |pages=222–229

|doi=10.1016/0029-5582(61)90134-1

|bibcode = 1961NucPh..26..222N

|issue=2

}} (independently of each other) proposed a hadron classification scheme called the Eightfold Way, or in more technical terms, SU(3) flavor symmetry.

This classification scheme organized the hadrons into isospin multiplets, but the physical basis behind it was still unclear. In 1964, Gell-Mann

{{cite journal

|author=M. Gell-Mann

|title=A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons

|journal=Physics Letters

|volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=214–215

|year=1964

|doi=10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3

|bibcode=1964PhL.....8..214G

}} and George Zweig

{{cite journal

|author=G. Zweig

|title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking

|journal=Cern-Th-401

|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/352337

|year=1964

|doi=10.17181/CERN-TH-401

}}

{{cite journal

|author=G. Zweig

|title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II

|journal=Cern-Th-412

|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/570209

|year=1964

|doi=10.17181/CERN-TH-412

}} (independently of each other) proposed the quark model, then consisting only of up, down, and strange quarks.

{{cite journal

|author=B. Carithers, P. Grannis

|title=Discovery of the Top Quark

|url=http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/25/3/25-3-carithers.pdf |journal=Beam Line

|volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=4–16

|year=1995

|access-date=2008-09-23

}} However, while the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence of quarks was found until 1968 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

{{cite journal

|last1=Bloom

|first1=E. D.

|title=High-Energy Inelastic e–p Scattering at 6° and 10°

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=23 |issue=16 |pages=930–934

|year=1969

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.930

|bibcode=1969PhRvL..23..930B

|last2=Coward |first2=D.

|last3=Destaebler |first3=H.

|last4=Drees |first4=J.

|last5=Miller |first5=G.

|last6=Mo |first6=L.

|last7=Taylor|first7=R.

|last8=Breidenbach |first8=M.

|last9=Friedman |first9=J.

|last10=Hartmann |first10=G.

|last11=Kendall |first11=H.

|display-authors=8

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|author=M. Breidenbach

|title=Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron–Proton Scattering

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=23 |issue=16 |pages=935–939

|year=1969

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935

|bibcode=1969PhRvL..23..935B

|last2=Friedman |first2=J.

|last3=Kendall |first3=H.

|last4=Bloom |first4=E.

|last5=Coward |first5=D.

|last6=Destaebler |first6=H.

|last7=Drees |first7=J.

|last8=Mo |first8=L.

|last9=Taylor |first9=R.

|osti=1444731

|s2cid=2575595

|display-authors=etal

}} Deep inelastic scattering experiments indicated that protons had substructure, and that protons made of three more-fundamental particles explained the data (thus confirming the quark model).

{{cite web

|author = J. I. Friedman

|title = The Road to the Nobel Prize

|url = http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72

|publisher = Hue University

|access-date = 2008-09-29

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081225093044/http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72

|archive-date = 2008-12-25

|url-status = dead

}}

At first people were reluctant to describe the three bodies as quarks, instead preferring Richard Feynman's parton description,

{{cite journal

|author=R. P. Feynman

|title=Very High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=23 |issue=24 |pages=1415–1417

|year=1969

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.1415

|bibcode=1969PhRvL..23.1415F

|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/3871/1/FEYprl69.pdf

}}

{{cite journal

|author=S. Kretzer

|title=CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=69 |issue=11 |page=114005

|year=2004

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.69.114005

|arxiv=hep-ph/0307022

|bibcode = 2004PhRvD..69k4005K

|last2=Lai |first2=H.

|last3=Olness |first3=Fredrick

|last4=Tung |first4=W.

|s2cid=119379329

|display-authors=etal

}}

{{cite book

|author=D. J. Griffiths

|title=Introduction to Elementary Particles

|page=42

|publisher=John Wiley & Sons

|year=1987

|isbn=978-0-471-60386-3

}} but over time the quark theory became accepted (see November Revolution).

{{cite book

|author=M. E. Peskin, D. V. Schroeder

|year=1995

|title=An introduction to quantum field theory

|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk

|url-access=registration

|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk/page/556 556]

|publisher=Addison–Wesley

|isbn=978-0-201-50397-5

}}

Mass

Despite being extremely common, the bare mass of the up quark is not well determined, but probably lies between 1.8 and {{val|3.0|ul=MeV/c2}}.

{{cite web

|author=J. Beringer (Particle Data Group)

|url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2012/tables/rpp2012-sum-quarks.pdf

|title=PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b′, t′, Free)'

|publisher=Particle Data Group

|year=2012

|access-date=2013-02-21

|display-authors=etal

}} Lattice QCD calculations give a more precise value: {{val|2.01|0.14|ul=MeV/c2}}.{{cite web|last=Cho|first=Adrian|title=Mass of the Common Quark Finally Nailed Down|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/mass-common-quark-finally-nailed-down|publisher=Science Magazine|date=April 2010}}

When found in mesons (particles made of one quark and one antiquark) or baryons (particles made of three quarks), the 'effective mass' (or 'dressed' mass) of quarks becomes greater because of the binding energy caused by the gluon field between each quark (see Mass–energy equivalence). The bare mass of up quarks is so light, it cannot be straightforwardly calculated because relativistic effects have to be taken into account.

Up quark

History

Mass

See also

References

Further reading