Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition
{{Short description|Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion of the United States}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition
| image = Devils Lake-South Face of East Bluff-Valley.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ecoregion Preserve (Devil's Lake State Park, Wisconsin)
| country = United States
| country1 = Canada
| state = Minnesota
| state1 = Wisconsin
| state2 = Michigan
| state3 =Iowa
| state4 = Ontario
| state5 = Manitoba
|region_type = States/Provinces
| border = Western Great Lakes forests
| border1 = Southern Great Lakes forests
| border2 = Central forest-grasslands transition
| border3 = Central tall grasslands
| border4 = Northern tall grasslands
| border5 = Midwestern Canadian Shield forests
{{cite book |last1 = Hoekstra |first1 = J. M. |last2 = Molnar |first2 = J. L. |last3 = Jennings |first3 = M. |last4 = Revenga |first4 = C. |last5 = Spalding |first5 = M. D. |last6 = Boucher |first6 = T. M. |last7 = Robertson |first7 = J. C. |last8 = Heibel |first8 = T. J. |last9 = Ellison |first9 = K. |title = The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference |publisher = University of California Press |editor1-last = Molnar |editor1-first = J. L. |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-520-26256-0 |url = https://archive.org/details/atlasofglobalcon0000unse |url-access = registration }}
| habitat_loss = 62.5
| protected = 4.7
| area = 166100
| biogeographic_realm = Nearctic
| biome = Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
| climate = Humid continental (Dfa and Dfb)
| map = Upper Midwest Forest-Savanna Transition Zone map.svg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
}}
The Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition is a terrestrial ecoregion that is defined by the World Wildlife Fund. An oak savanna plant community located in the Upper Midwest region of the United States, it is an ecotone (a transitional area) between the tallgrass prairies to the west and the temperate deciduous forests to the east. A part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, it is considered endangered with less than 5% of the original ecosystem remaining intact, due mostly to overgrazing and conversion to agriculture.{{Cite book | last = Benke | first = Arthur C. | author2 = Colbert E. Cushing | title = Rivers of North America | publisher = Academic Press | date = 26 May 2005 | isbn = 978-0-12-088253-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/riversofnorthame0000unse }}
Fire and disturbance
Historically, wildfire has been the primary driver and determinant of the forest dynamics in the plant community. Due to this the resulting canopy structure has been relatively sparse (the basal area ranges approximately from 4 to 29 meters hectare−1{{Clarify|date=June 2025|reason=this should be in square meters per hectare, but also needs a source. }}). Presence and biodiversity of plant species is largely controlled by the frequency of fire. Typical tallgrass prairie vegetation such as grasses, forbs, shrubs, and sedges, increase with an increase in the amount of fire, whereas tree density and basal area decrease.{{Cite journal | last = Tester | first = John R. | title = Effects of fire frequency on oak savanna in east-central Minnesota | journal = Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club | volume = 116 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–144 | year = 1989 | url = http://www.cedarcreek.umn.edu/biblio/fulltext/t1154.pdf | doi = 10.2307/2997196| access-date = 2010-06-04| jstor = 2997196 }}
After European American settlement and the abandonment of fire as a land management regime, most savannas have been converted into closed canopy woodlands, with shade tolerant and fire-intolerant species dominating rather than the historic primary and secondary succession species dependent on fire.{{Cite journal | last = Mabry | first = Catherine M. |author2=L.A. Brudvig |author3=R.C. Atwell | title = The confluence of landscape context and site-level management in determining Midwestern savanna and woodland breeding bird communities | journal = Forest Ecology and Management | volume = 260 | issue = 1 | pages = 42–51 | publisher = Elsevier B.V. | date = 2010-06-15 | doi = 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.03.028 }}
Species distribution
Trees:
- Quercus macrocarpa (Bur oak)
- Tilia americana (American basswood)
- Acer saccharum (Sugar maple)
- Quercus rubra (Red oak)
Intact habitat
A survey in 1985 concluded that only {{convert|26|km2|mi2}} of oak savanna remain, roughly 0.02% of what is estimated to have existed at the time of European settlement. Highly dispersed and fragmented, none of the present habitat falls under the designation of National Forests but comes under the administration of the states' Department of Natural Resources organizations or federal entities such as the Fish and Wildlife Service. Remaining intact habitat areas include:{{WWF ecoregion | name = Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition | id=na0415 | accessdate = 2010-05-24}}
- Devil's Lake State Park, on the Baraboo Range in south-central Wisconsin
- Savanna Army Depot in extreme northwestern Illinois
- Parts of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge in eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin
- Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest in the Driftless Area of southeastern Minnesota
- Whitewater State Park, also in the Driftless Area
- Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in central Wisconsin
- Horicon Marsh in southeastern Wisconsin
- Kettle Moraine State Forest in southeastern Wisconsin
See also
- List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
- Western Great Lakes forests
- Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve – an ecological research station specializing in fire ecology and its effects on oak savannas run by the University of Minnesota
- Big Woods
- Oak savanna
References
{{Reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition}}
Category:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
Category:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands in the United States