Upshot–Knothole Grable
{{Short description|1953 nuclear artillery test at the Nevada Test Site, United States}}
{{Infobox Nuclear weapons test
|name = Upshot–Knothole Grable
|picture = File:UpshotKnotholeGrable.gif
|picture_description =
|country = United States
|test_series = Operation Upshot–Knothole
|test_site = Nevada Test Site
|date = May 25, 1953
|test_type = Atmospheric
|yield = 15 kt
|previous_test = Upshot-Knothole Harry
|next_test = Upshot-Knothole Climax
}}
Upshot–Knothole Grable was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. Detonation of the nuclear weapon, a W9 warhead, occurred 19 seconds after its deployment at 8:30am PDT (1530 UTC) on May 25, 1953, in Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site.
Nuclear weapons test
The codename Grable was chosen because it is phonetic for the letter G, as in "gun", since the warhead was a gun-type bomb fired from a gun. It is also widely assumed to be an allusion to actress Betty Grable (1916–1973), a popular pin-up girl among soldiers.American Heritage of Invention & Technology. (2005:53). United States: American Heritage.{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/news/celebrity-deaths/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-betty-grable/#google_vignette|title=5 Things You Didn't Know About Betty Grable|first=Linnea|last=Crowther|date=December 15, 2016|website=Legacy.com}} (Similarly, the bomb used in Operation Crossroads' first test was named "Gilda" after a character played by Rita Hayworth in the film of the same name; the nuclear bomb was often associated with female sexuality at the time, cf. the creation of the bikini.){{Cite web|url=https://www.aenigma-images.com/2016/12/gilda-rita-hayworth-bombshell/|title=Gilda – the movie that made Rita Hayworth into a bombshell|date=December 11, 2016|website=aenigma – Images and stories from the movies and fashion}}
As a shell, or artillery-fired atomic projectile (AFAP), the device was the first of its kind. The test remains the only nuclear artillery shell ever actually fired in the world.{{cite web |url=https://nnss.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/DOENV_776.pdf |title=Atomic Annie |lang=en |publisher=Nevada National Security Site |date=August 2013 |access-date=2024-07-21}}
Grable was the second of only four gun-type warheads ever detonated (the first was Little Boy, the last two were test firings of the W33; all other atomic weapons were implosion-type weapons). The shell, designated a Mark 9 nuclear weapon, had a diameter of 280 mm (11.02 in), was 1380 mm (54.4 in) long and weighed 364 kg (803 lb). The M65 Atomic Cannon from which it was fired had a muzzle velocity of 625 m/s (2,060 ft/s), for a nominal range of {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and weighed 77 metric tons (85 t).
The detonation of Grable occurred 19 seconds after its firing.{{cite web |title=The 280mm Atomic Cannon - Nuclear Artillery Test |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goMNAxFqGbk |website=www.youtube.com |access-date=26 September 2024 |date=11 June 2010}} It detonated over 11,000 yards (over 10 km, 6.25 mi) away from the gun it was fired from, over a part of the Nevada Test Site known as Frenchman Flat. The explosion was an air burst 160 m (524 ft) above the ground (7 m (24 ft) above its designated burst altitude), 26 m (87 ft) west and 41 m (136 ft) south of its target (slightly uprange). Its yield was estimated at 15 kilotons, about the same as Little Boy. An anomalous feature of the blast was the formation of a precursor, a second shock front ahead of the incident wave. This precursor was formed when the shock wave reflected off the ground and surpassed the incident wave and Mach stem due to a heated ground air layer and the low burst height. It resulted in a lower overpressure, but higher overall dynamic pressure, which inflicted much more damage on drag sensitive targets such as jeeps and personnel carriers. This led strategists to rethink the importance of low air bursts in tactical nuclear warfare.Kuran, Pete. Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie. Visual Concept Entertainment, 1995.
Some images from Upshot–Knothole Grable were accidentally relabeled as belonging to the Priscilla shot from Operation Plumbbob in 1957. As a consequence, many publications, including official government documents, have the photo mislabeled.{{cite web |author=Carey Sublette |title=Operation Plumbbob |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Plumbob.html |website=nuclearweaponarchive.org |access-date=December 27, 2006}}
Admiral Arthur W. Radford, at the time the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson were present for the test.
Gallery
File:W9 AFAP.jpg|W9 280mm Artillery Fired Atomic Projectile
File:Upshot_Knothole_Grable.gif|Full uncut detonation of Upshot Knothole Grable, launched out of the Atomic Annie device on 5/25/1953. The footage at normal speed is about 2 and a half minutes.
File:uk-grable2.jpg|A closeup of the mushroom cloud and fireball.
M65_Atomic_canon_1.jpg|M65 Atomic Cannon.
Footnotes
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External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110914095503/http://www.atomcentral.com/grable.html The Atomic Cannon], archived from AtomCentral
{{Commons category|Upshot-Knothole Grable|position=left}}
{{Nuclear weapons tests of the United States}}
Category:Nevada Test Site nuclear explosive tests
Category:1953 in military history