User:Dejvid

positivism dispute

File:Daladier_1924.jpg | Daladier 1924

File:Saint-John Perse 1960.jpg| Alexis Leger

File:Wehrvonbockcopy1.jpg| Fedor von Bock

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R16862, Werner von Fritsch.jpg| Werner von Fritsch

File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L08126%2C_Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb.jpg|von Leeb

File:Georges and Gort at Arras WWII IWM F 2094.jpg at Arras circa 1940|center]]

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Jelena Dimitrijević - Branimir Ćosić

Alexander Prozorovsky

Phrynichus (tragic poet) first victory in 511 BC.

Cleophon (poet) (Greek: Kλεoφῶν, Kleophōn) was an Athenian tragic poet[1] who flourished in the 4th century BC.

Theodectes c. 380 – c. 340 BCE)

Eupolis (ca. 446 BC – 411 BC) , Cratinus ( 519 BC – 422 BC), Plato (comic poet)

Epicrates of Ambracia (Greek: Ἐπικράτης Ἀμβρακιώτης), Ambraciote who lived in Athens.

Anaxandrides (Ἀναξανδρίδης), was an Athenian Middle Comic -into the early 340s

Diphilus, of Sinope,(342-291 BCE

Philippides early 3rd century BCE

Alexander Aetolus tragic poet and grammarian, from Pleuron in Aetolia, part of life at Alexandria

Epicharmus of Kos c. 540 and c. 450 BC. originated the Doric or Sicilian comedic form

Callimachus Kallimachos; 310/305–240 BC[1]) Cyrene, Libya. noted poet,

Lycophron chiefly tragedies, secured him a place in the Pleiad of Alexandrian tragedians.

Sophron of Syracuse (fl. 430 BC) was a writer of prose dialogues.

Diocles of Carystus c. 375 BC – c. 295 BC) was a well-regarded Greek physician, born in Carystus, a city on Euboea

Duris of Samos ended with the death of Lysimachus in 281 BC,

Agatharchides geog (lived in ptolemaic egypt)

Diyllus (Greek: Διυλλος),? the son of Phanodemus the Atthidographer (a chronicler Athens and Attica), - a universal history357–297 BC

Philistus Hist Sicilly

Diyllus universal history of the years 357–297 BCE

Antiochus of Syracuse to -424

[http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/cleitarchus/cleitarchus.htm cleitarchus] grass roots account of Allexander

Euphantus fl. c. 320 BCE[1]) of Olynthus, historian and tragic poet. instructor Antigonus Monophthalmus wrote many tragedies, + history of his own times.

Manetho mention of Manetho in the Hibeh Papyri, dated to 241/40 BC

Duris of SamosGreece and Macedonia battle of Leuctra to death of Lysimachus.

Antisthenes of Rhodes lived c. 200 BCE. wrote a history of his own time,

Dicaearchus of Messana c. 350 – c. 285 BC wrote a history up to Phil 2

Satyrus the Peripatetic peripatetic philosopher and historian, whose biographies

Fabius Rusticus Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)

=Taiwan=

Lin Mosei

Guo_Qiusen -'Chiang Wen-yeh

=AAR=

List of ancient Greek theatres

=visse=

[http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/040603.pdf]

[http://www.princeton.edu%2F~pswpc%2Fpdfs%2Fscheidel%2F040603.pdf]

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Catherine Feeny

Muhammad I al-Mustansir

{{Synthesis|date

Nativ Language:English

Second Language: SerboCroat aka (in alphabetic order) Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian.

Livs partly in Britain, partly in Croatia.

{{userbox|#AAAA00|#FFE496|40px|This user contributes using Linux}}

{{User:Ashley Y/Userbox/EU enlargement west}}

{{User:Alpha Omicron/Spelling}}

Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have

@@@

• [http://hepwww.ph.qmw.ac.uk/sim/gcclinux.html?desc=Compiling+and+Running+C%2B%2B+programs+on+Linux&file=gcclinux.html Compiling and Running C++ programs on Linux]

bs:user:dejvid

hr:user:dejvid

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simple:user:dejvid

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[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page commons]

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t 51°27′14″N, 2°35′48″W

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{{Location map|United Kingdom|label=Нови Град|position=right|width=230|lat=46.05|long=0.38|caption=|float=right}}

{{User:dejvid/taxobox|

| name = Cat

| status = Domesticated

| image = Domestic cat cropped.jpg

| image_caption = other images of cats

| image_width = 250px

| regnum = Animalia

| phylum = Chordata

| classis = Mammalia

| ordo = Carnivora

| familia = Felidae

| genus = Felis

| species = F. silvestris

| subspecies = F. s. catus}}

WP:SEASON

Angler's loop

Buntline hitch

Aderbal}

19:42, 31 March 2006 128.61.98.24 (talk) (undo) ->e

17:16, 8 September 2005 66.167.67.185 e

(cur) (prev) 19:42, 31 March 2006 128.61.98.24 (talk) (undo) ->e

00:12, 29 December 2006 69.120.17.12 (talk) (undo) e

06:24, 23 April 2008 Wetman (talk | contribs) (13,778 bytes) (replaced a "'Some' of Ignorance" with specifics) (undo) ->inconsist

16:51, 4 June 2009 Annahbanana1215 (talk | contribs) (18,237 bytes) (undo) -> AD!!!

00:12, 29 December 2006 69.120.17.12 (talk) (undo) e

User:Dejvid/Phthiotic Thebes

`pwd`

Battus I of Cyrene

1983 in the United Kingdom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT_PAPERS#NOT_PAPERS{{cite web |url = http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=18603&tx_ttnews[backPid]=38&cHash=6d8138b114 | title = Ubijeni Pukanić i Franjić | date = 2008-10-23

| accessdate = 2008-10-26

| work = Dnevnik HRT

| language = Croatian

}}

{{reflist}} POV-statement

[http://wikidashboard.appspot.com/enwiki/wiki/ wikidashboard]

[http://en.wikichecker.com/ wikichecker]

[http://stats.grok.se/en/201008/Hamilcar%27s_victory_with_Navaras stats.grok]

[http://toolserver.org/~soxred93/articleinfo/index.php?article=Tigranes+the+Great&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia&begin=&end= x]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leuctra&diff=prev&oldid=11308186 Lektra flank]

[http://toolserver.org/~mzmcbride/watcher/ watcher]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparta&direction=next&oldid=23786 Sparta 1911]

Belice krimisus

Delenda Est

WP:CREEP

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Only_make_links_that_are_relevant_to_the_context&diff=prev&oldid=239716794]

Sparta was in ancient Greece the main alternative to the Athenian democracy. Sparta was the partner of Athens in the Persian wars and its opponent in the Peloponnesian War.

Battle of Lubiszewo

=Greek=

= SPARTA =

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir&oldid=161263039]

Further,the naval activity displayed by Sparta during the closing years of the Peloponnesian War abated when Persian subsidies were withdrawn, and the ambitious projects of Lysander led to his disgrace, which was followed by his death at Haliartus in 395 BCE. In the following year the Spartan navy under Peisander, Agesilaus' brother-in-law, was defeated off Cnidus by the Persian fleet under Conon and Pharnabazus, and for the future Sparta ceased to be a maritime power.

Sparta was an ancient city in Greece, the capital of

Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese.

The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian

plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little

south of the point where it is joined by its largest

tributary, the Oenus (mod. KelefIna). The site is

admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes

by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land

side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia,

its northern neighbor, and the Langhda Pass over Mt Taygetus

connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance

from the sea—Sparta is 27 miles from its seaport, Gythium—made it

invulnerable to a maritime attack.

Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by

Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after

the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and

Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater

importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles

to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital

of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon’s younger brother.

Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional

chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of

Dorians (q.v.) united with a body of Aetolians to cross the

Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest.

The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the

headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces,

one of which under Cresphonter invaded and later subdued Messenia,

while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another

version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its

way down the Eurotas valley and gained Sparta, which became

the Dorian capital of Laconia.

In reality this DOrian immigration probably consisted of

a series of inroads and settlements rather than a single

great expedition, as depicted by legend, and was aided by

the Minyan elements in the population, owing to their dislike

of the Achaean yoke.

The newly founded state did not at once become powerful:

it was weakened by internal dissension and lacked the

stability of a united and well-organized community.

The turning-point is marked by the legislation of

Lycurgus (q.v.), who effected the unification of the

state and instituted that training which was its

distinguishing feature and the source of its

greatness.

Nowhere else in the Greek world was the

pleasure of the individual so thoroughly subordinated to

the interest of the state.’ The ‘whole education of

the Spartan was designed to make him an efficient

soldier. Obedience, endurance, military success—these were

the aims constantly kept in view, and beside these all

other ends took a secondary place.

It is rare in the world’s history that a state so clearly

set a definite ideal before itself or striven so consistently

to reach it. But it was solely in this consistency and

steadfastness that the greatness of Sparta lay. Her

ideal was a narrow and unworthy one, and was pursued with

a calculating selfishness and a total disregard for the

rights of others, which robbed it of the moral worth it

might otherwise have possessed. Nevertheless, it is not

probable that without the training introduced by Lycurgus

the Spartans would have been successful in securing their

supremacy in Laconia, much less in the Peloponnese, for

they formed a small immigrant band face to face with a

large and powerful Achaean and autochthonous population.

We cannot trace in detail the process by which Sparta

subjugated the whole of Laconia, but apparently the first

step, taken in the reign of Archelaus and Charillus,

was to secure the upper Eurotas valley, conquering

the border territory of Aegys. Archelaus’ son Teleclus

is said to have taken Amyclae, Pharis and Geronthrae,

thus mastering the central Laconian plain and the

eastern plateau which lies between the Eurotas and

Mt Parnon: his son, Alcamenes, by the subjugation of

Helos brought the lower Eurotas plain under Spartan

rule.

About this time, probably, the Argives, whose territory

included the whole east coast of the Peloponnese and

the island of Cythera (Herod. i. 82), were driven back,

and the whole of Laconia was thus incorporated in the

Spartan state. It was not long before a further

extension took place. Under Alcamenes and Theopompus

a war broke out between the Spartans and the Messenians,

their neighbors on. the west, which, after a struggle

lasting for twenty years, ended in the capture of

the stronghold of their home and the subjection of

the Messenians, who were forced to pay half the

produce of the soil as tribute to their Spartan

overlords.

An attempt to throw off the yoke resulted in a

second war, conducted by the Messenian hero

Aristomenes (q.v.); but Spartan tenacity broke down

the resistance of the insurgents, and Messenia was

made Spartan territory, just as Laconia had been,

its inhabitants being reduced to the status of helots,

save those who, as perioeci, inhabited the towns on

the sea-coast and a few settlements inland.

This extension of Sparta’s territory was viewed with

apprehension by her neighbors in the Peloponnese.

Arcadia and Argos had vigorously aided the Messenians

in their two struggles, and help was also sent by

the Sicyonians, Pisatans and Triphyhans: only the

Corinthians appear to have supported the Spartans,

doubtless on account of their jealousy of their

powerful neighbors, the Argives. At the close of the

second Messenian War, i.e. by the war 631 at latest,

no power could hope to cope with that of Sparta save

Arcadia and Argos.

Early in the 6th century the Spartan kings Leon and

Agasicles made a vigorous attack on Tegea, the most

powerful of the Arcadian cities, but it was not until

the reign of Anaxandridas and Ariston, about the

middle of the century, that the attack was successful

and Tegea was forced to acknowledge Spartan overlordship,

though retaining its independence. The final struggle

for Peloponnesian supremacy was with Argos, which had

at an early period been the most powerful state of

the peninsula, and even though its territory had been

curtailed, was a serious rival of Sparta.

But Argos was now no longer at the height of its power:

its league had begun to break up early in the century,

and it could not in the impending struggle count on the

assistance of its old allies, Arcadia and Messenia,

since the latter had been crushed and robbed of its

independence and the former had acknowledged Spartan

supremacy. A victory won about 546 B.c., when the

Lydian Empire fell before Cyrus of Persia,

made the Spartans masters of the Cynuria, the

borderland between Laconia and Argolis, for which

there had been an age-long struggle.

The final blow was struck by King Cleomenes I. (q.v.),

who maimed for many years to come the Argive power and

left Sparta without a rival in the Peloponnese.

In fact, by the middle of the 6th century, and

increasingly down to , the period of the Persian Wars,

Sparta had come to be acknowledged as the leading

state of Hellas and the champion of Hellenism.

Croesus of Lydia had formed an alliance with her.

Scythian envoys sought her aid to stem the invasion

of Darius; to her the Greeks of Asia Minor appealed

to withstand the Persian advance and to aid the

lonian revolt; Plataea asked for her protection;

Megara acknowledged her supremacy; and at the time of

the Persian invasion under Xerxes no state questioned

her right to lead the Greek forces on land and sea.

Of such a position Sparta proved herself wholly unworthy.

As an ally ‘she was ineffective, nor could she ever

rid herself of her narrowly Peloponnesian outlook

sufficiently to throw herself heartily into the affairs

of the greater Hellas that lay beyond the isthmus and

across the sea. She was not a colonizing state, though

the inhabitants of Tarentum, in southern Italy, arid of

Lyttus, in Crete, claimed her as their mother-city.

Moreover, she had no share in the expansion of Greek

commerce and Greek culture; and, though she bore the

reputation of hating tyrants and putting them down

where possible, there can be little doubt that this

was done in the interests of oligarchy rather than

of liberty. Her military greatness and that of the states under

her hegemony formed her sole claim to lead the Greek race:

that she should truly represent it was impossible.

The 5th Century BCE—The beginning of the 5th century

saw Sparta at the height of her power, though her

prestige must have suffered in the fruitless attempts

made to impose upon Athens an oligarchical régime

after the fall of the Peisistratid tyranny in 510.

But after the Persian Wars the Spartan supremacy

could no longer remain unchallenged. Sparta had

despatched an army in 490 to aid Athens in repelling

the armament sent against it by Darius under the

command of Datis and Artaphernes: but it arrived

after the battle of Marathon had been fought and

the issue of the conflict decided.

In the second campaign, conducted ten years later

by Xerxes in person, Sparta took a more active share

and assumed the command of the combined Greek forces

by sea and land. Yet, in spite of the heroic defence

of Thermopylae by the Spartan king Leo’ nidas (qv.),

the glory of the decisive victory at Salamis fell

in great measure to the Athenians, and their patriotism,

self-sacrifice and energy contrasted strongly with

the hesitation of the Spartans and the selfish

policy which they advocated of defending the

Peloponnese only.

By the battle of Plataea (479 B.C.), won by a Spartan general, and decided chiefly by the steadfastness of Spartan troops, the state partially recovered its prestige, but only so far as land operations were concerned: the victory of Mycale, won in the same year, was achieved by the united Greek fleet, and the capture of Sestos, which followed, was due to the Athenians, the Peloponnesians having returned home before the siege was begun. Sparta felt that an effort was necessary to recover her position, and Pausanias, the victor of Plataea, was sent out as admiral of the Greek fleet. But though he won considerable successes, his overbearing and despotic behaviour and the suspicion that he was intriguing with the Persian king alienated the sympathies of those under his command: he was recalled by the ephors, and his successor, Dorcis, was a weak man who allowed the transference of the hegemony from Sparta to Athens to take place without striking a blow (see DELIAN LEAGUE). By the withdrawal of Sparta and her Peloponnesian allies from the fleet the perils and the glories of the Persian War were left to Athens, who, though at the outset merely the leading state in a confederacy of free allies, soon began to make herself the mistress of an empire.

Sparta took no steps at first to prevent this. Her interests and those of Athens did not directly clash, for Athens included in her empire only the islands of the Aegean and the towns on its north and east coasts, which lay outside the Spartan political horizon: with the Peloponnese Athens did not meddle. Moreover, Sparta’s attention was at this time fully occupied by troubles nearer home—the plots of Pausanias not only with the Persian king but with the Laconian helots; the revolt of Tegea ‘(c. 473—71), rendered all ‘the more formidable by the participation of Argos; the earthquake which in 464 devastated SDarta; and the rising of the Messenian helots, which immediately followed. But there was a growing estrangement from Athens, which ended at length in an open breach. The insulting dismissal of a large body of Athenian troops which had come, under Cimon, to aid the Spartans in the siege of the Messenian stronghold of Ithome, the consummation of the Attic democracy under Ephialtes and Pericles, the conclusion of an alliance between Atheu3 and Argos, which also about this time became democratic, united with other causes to bring about a rupture between the Athenians and the Peloponnesian League.

In this so-called first Peloponnesian War Sparta herself took but a small share beyond helping to inflict a defeat on the Athenians at Tanagra in 457 B.c. After this battle they concluded a truce, which gave the Athenians an opportunity of taking their revenge on the Boeotians at the battle of Oenophyta, of annexing to their empire Boeotia, Phocis and Locris, and of subjugating Aegina. In 449 the war was ended by a five years’ truce, but after Athens had lost her mainland empire by the battle of Coronea and the revolt of Megara a

thirty years’ peace was concluded, probably in the winter 446—445 B.C. By this Athens was obliged to surrender

Troezen, Achaea and the two Megarian ports, Nisaea and Pegae, but otherwise the status quo was maintained.

A fresh struggle, the great Peloponnesian War (q.v.), broke out in 431 B.c. This may be to a certain extent regarded as a contest between lonian nd Dorian; it may with greater truth be called a struggle between. the democratic and oligarchic principles of government; but at bottom its cause was neither racial

nor constitutional, but economic.

The maritime supremacy of Athens was used for commercial purposes, and important members of the Peloponnesian confederacy, whose wealth depended largely on their commerce, notably Corinth, Megara, Sicyon and Epidaurus, were being slowly but relentlessly crushed. Materially Sparta must have remained almost unaffected, but she was forced to take action by the pressure of her allies and by the necessities imposed by her position as head of the league. She did not, however, prosecute the war with any marked vigour: her operations were almost confined to an annual inroad into Attica, and when in 425 a body of Spartiates was captured by the Athenians at Pylos she was ready, and even anxious, to terminate the war on any reasonable conditions. That the terms of the Peace of Nicias, which in 421 concluded the first phase of the war, were rather in favour of Sparta than of Athens was due almost entirely to the energy and insight of an individual Spartan, Brasidas (qv.), and the disastrous attempt of Athens to regain its lost land-empire. The final success of Sparta and the capture of Athens in 405 were brought about partly by the treachery of Alcibiades, who induced the state to send Gylippus to conduct the defence of Syracuse, to fortify Decelea in northern Attica, and to adopt a vigorous policy of aiding Athenian allies to revolt. The lack of funds which would have proved fatal to Spartan naval warfare was remedied by the intervention of Persia, which supplied large subsidies, and Spartan good fortune culminated in the possession at this time of an admiral of boundless vigour and considerable military ability, Lysander, to whom much of Sparta’s success is attributable.

The fall of Athens left Sparta once again supreme in the Greek world and demonstrated clearly its total unfitness for rule. Everywhere democracy was replaced by a philo-Laconian oligarchy, usually consisting of ten men under a harmost or governor pledged to Spartan interests, and even in Laconia itself the narrow and selfish character of the Spartan rule led to a serious conspiracy. For a short time, indeed, under the energetic rule of Agesilaus, it seemed as if Sparta would pursue a Hellenic policy and carry on the

war against Persia. But troubles soon broke out in Greece, Agesilaus was recalled from Asia Minor, and his schemes and successes were rendered fruitless.

Further, the naval activity displayed by Sparta during the closing years of the Peloponnesian War abated when Persian subsidies were withdrawn, and the ambitious projects of Lysander led to his disgrace, which was followed by his death at Haliartus in 395. In the following year the Spartan navy under Peisander, Agesilaus’ brother-in-law, was defeated off Cnidus by the Persian fleet under Conon and Pharnabazus, and for the future Sparta ceased to be a maritime power.

In Greece itself meanwhile the opposition to Sparta was

growing increasingly powerful, and, though at Coronea

Agesilaus had slightly the better of the Boeotians and

at Corinth the Spartans maintained their position, yet

they felt it necessary to rid themselves of Persian

hostility and if possible use the Persian power to

strengthen their own position at home: they therefore

concluded with Artaxerxes II. the humiliating Peace of

Antalcidas (387 B.c.), by which they surrendered to the

Great King the Greek cities of the ~sia Minor coast and

of Cyprus, and stipulated for the independence of all

other Greek cities. This last clause led to a long and

desultory war with Thebes, which refused to acknowledge

the independence of the Boeotian towns tinder its hegemony:

the Cadmeia, the citadel of Thebes, was treacherously seized

by Phoebidas in 382 and held by the Spartans until 379.

Still more momentous was the Spartan action in crushing the

Olynthiac Confederation (see OLYNTHUS), which might have been

able to stay the growth of Macedonian power. In 371 a fresh

peace congress was summoned at Sparta to ratify the Peace of

Callias. Again the Thebans refused to renounce their Boeotian

hegemony, and the Spartan attempt at coercion ended in the

defeat of the Spartan army at the battle of Leuctra and the

death of its leader, King Cleombrotus. The result of the battle

was to transfer the Greek supremacy from Sparta to Thebes.

In the course of three expeditions to the Peloponnese conducted

by Epaminondas, the greatest soldier and statesman Thebes ever

produced, Sparta was weakened by the loss of Messenia, which

was restored to an independent position with the newly built Messene

as its capital, and by the foundation of Megalopolis as the

capital of Arcadia. The invading army even made its way into

Laconia and devastated the whole of its southern portion;

but the courage and coolness of Agesilaus saved Sparta

itself from attack. On Epaminondas’ fourth expedition

Sparta was again within an ace of capture, but once more

the danger was averted just in time; and though at Mantinea

(362 B.c.) the Thebans, together with the Arcadians,

Messenians and Argives, gained a victory over the combined

Mantinean, Athenian and Spartan forces, yet the death of

Epaminondas in the battle more than counterbalanced the

Theban victory and led to the speedy break-up of their

supremacy.

But Sparta had neither the men nor the money to recover

her lost position, and the continued existence on her

borders of an independent Messenia and Arcadia kept

her in constant fear for her own safety. She did, indeed,

join with Athens and Achaea in 353 to prevent Philip of

Macedon passing Thermopylae and entering Phocis, but

beyond this she took no part in the struggle of Greece

with the new power which had sprung up on her northern

borders. No Spartiate fought on the field of Chaeronea.

After the battle, however, she refused to submit voluntarily

to Philip, and was forced to do so by the devastation of

Laconia and the transference of certain border districts

to the neighboring states of Argos, Arcadia and Messenia.

During the absence of Alexander the Great in the East

Agis III. revolted, but the rising was crushed by Antipater,

and a similar attempt to throw off the Macedonian yoke

made by Archidamus IV. in the troublous period which

succeeded Alexander’s death was frustrated by Demetrius

Poliorcetes in 294 BC.

Twenty-two years later the city was attacked by an immense

force under Pyrrhus, but Spartan bravery had not died out

and the formidable enemy was repulsed, even the women taking

part in the defence of the city. About 244 an Aetolian army

overran Laconia, working irreparable harm and carrying off,

it is said, 50,000 captives.

But the social evils within the state were even harder to

combat than foes without. Avarice, luxury and the glaring

inequality in the distribution of wealth, threatened to

bring about the speedy fall of the state if no cure could

be found. Agis IV. and Cleomenes III. (qqv.) made an

heroic and entirely disinterested attempt in the latter

part of the 3rd century to improve the conditions by a

redistribution of land, a widening of the citizen body,

and a restoration of the old severe training and simple

life. But the evil was too deep-seated to be remedied by

these artificial means; Agis was assassinated, and the

reforms of Cleomenes seem to have had no permanent effect.

The reign of Cleomenes is marked also by a determined effort

to cope with the rising power of the Achaean League (q.n.)

and to recover for Sparta her long-lost supremacy in the

Peloponnese, and even throughout Greece. The battle of

Sellasia (222 BC.), in which Cleomenes was defeated by the

Achaeans and Antigonus Doson of Macedonia, and the death of

the king, which occurred shortly afterwards in Egypt, put an

end to these hopes. The same reign saw also an important

constitutional change, the substitution of a board of patronomi

for the ephors, whose power had become almost despotic, and

the curtailment of the functions exercised by the gerousia;

these measures were, however, cancelled by Antigonus. It was

not long afterwards hat the dual kingship ceased and Sparta

fell under the sway of a series of cruel and rapacious

tyrants—Lycurgus, Machanidas, who was killed by Philopoemen,

and Nabis, who, if we may trust the accounts given by Polybius

and Livy, was little better than a bandit chieftain, holding

Sparta by means of extreme cruelty and oppression, and using

mercenary troops to a large extent in his wars.

We must admit, however, that a vigorous struggle was maintained

with the Achaean League and with Macedon until the Romans,

after the conclusion of their war with Philip V., sent an

army into Laconia under T. Quinctius Flamininus. Nabis was

forced to capitulate, evacuating all his possessions outside

Laconia, surrendering the Laconian seaports and his navy,

and paying an indemnity of 500 talents (Livy xxxiv. 33—43).

On the departure of the Romans he succeeded in recovering

Gythium, in spite of an attempt to relieve it made by the

Achaeans under Philopoemen, but in an encounter he suffered

a crushing defeat at the hands of that general, who for

thirty days ravaged Laconia unopposed.

Nabis was assassinated in 192, and Sparta was forced by

Philopoenien to enroll itself as a member of the Achaean League

(qv.) under a phil-Achaean aristocracy. But this gave rise

to chronic disorders and disputes, which led to armed

intervention on the part of the Achaeans,

who compelled the Spartans to submit to the overthrow of

their city walls, the dismissal of their mercenary troops,

the recall of all exiles, the abandonment of the old Lycurgan

constitution and the adoption of the Achaean laws and i

nstitutions (f 88 nc). Again and again the relations

between the Spartans and the Achaean League formed the

occasion of discussions in the Roman senate or of the

despatch of Roman embassies to Greece, but no decisive

intervention took place until a fresh dispute about the position

of Sparta in the league led to a decision of the Romans

that Sparta, Corinth, Argos, Arcadian Orchomenus and Heraclea

on Oeta should be severed from it. This resulted in an open

breach between the league and Rome, and eventually, in 146 B.C.,

after the sack of Corinth, in the dissolution of the league

and the annexation of Greece to the Roman province of Macedonia.

For Sparta the long era of war and internal struggle had ceased

and one of peace and a revived prosperity took its place, as

is witnessed by the numerous extant inscriptions belonging to

this period. As an allied city it was exempt from direct taxation,

though compelled on occasions to make “voluntary “ presents to

Roman generals. Political ambition was restricted to the tenure

of tile municipal magistracies, culminating in the offices of n

omophylax, ephor and patronomus. Augustus showed marked favour

to the city, Hadrian twice visited it during his journeys in the

East and accepted the title of eponymous patronomus.

The old warlike spirit found an outlet chiefly in the vigorous

but peaceful contests held in the gymnasium, the ball-place,

and the arena before the temple of Artemi1 Orthia: sometimes

too it found a vent in actual campaigning as when Spartans were

enrolled for service against the Parthian by the emperors Lucius

Verus, Septimius Severus and Cara calla. Laconia was subsequently

overrun, like so much of th Roman Empire, by barbarian hordes.

In A.D. 306 Alaric destroyed the city an at a later period Laconia was

invaded and settled by Slavoni tribes, especially the Melings and Ezerits,

who in turn had to give way before the advance of the Byzantine power,

‘though preserving a partial independence in the mountainous regions.

The Franks on their arrival in the Morea found a fortified city named

Lacedaemonia occupying part of the site of ancient Sparta, and this

continued to exist, though greatly depopulated, even after Guillaume

de Villehardouin had in 1248—1249 founded the fortress and city of Misithra,

or Mistra, on a spur of Taygetus some 3 m. north-west of Sparta.

This passed shortly afterwards into the hands of the Byzantines, who

retained it until the Turks under Mahommed II. captured it in 146o.

In 1687 it came into the possession of the Venetians, from whom it

was wrested in 1715 by the Turks. Thus for nearly six centuries it

was Mistra and not Sparta which formed the centre and focus of

Laconian history.

In 1834, after the War of Independence had resulted in the

liberation of Greece, the modern town of Sparta was built on part of

the ancient site from the designs of Baron Jochmus, and Mistra

decayed until now it is in ruins and almost deserted. Sparta

is the capital of the prefecture (vouóc) of Lacedaemon and has

a population, according to the census taken in 1907, of 4456: but

with the exception of several silk factories there is but little

industry, and the development of the city is hampered by the

unhealthiness of its situation, its distance from the sea and the

absence of railway communication with the rest of Greece. As a

result of popular clamor, however, a survey for a railway was begun

in 1907, an event of great importance for the prosperity of Sparta

and of the whole Eurotas Plain.

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Phylarchus 187-220

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[http://phoenicia.org/childsacrifice.html childsacrifice]

[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/C/carthage/carthage_life.html#child_sacrifice carthage_life-childsacrifice]

[http://books.google.com/books?id=GUfAW0dEcrQC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=carthage,+%22child+sacrifice%22&source=bl&ots=JAhurq3N30&sig=C4bLEarHxDIMdL1M6SeUWV1_0D8&hl=sr&ei=Z8JQSqv7KsaZjAfr57DKBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9 childsacrifice]

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Bekasina

The fall of Athens left Sparta once again supreme in the Greek world. Though the details of how Sparta ruled Athens former subjects is uncertain, it was certainly as dictatorial and exploitative as had been the rule of Athens and probably more so. In general Spartan hegemony was exercised selfishly with little regard for the sensibilities either of her allies or her new subjects.Agesilaos , P Cartledge p349 The disquiet of her allies can be seen in the defiance of Boeotia, Elis and Corinth in offering refuge to those who opposed to the rule of the thirty in Athens.Agesilaos , P Cartledge p349-50 When these exiles succesfuly defeated the thirty, Sparta's first response was to send Lysander with a band of mercenaries who clearly intended simply to place the thirty back in power. Very quickly, however, Sparta send Pausanias with a levy of the Peloponesian League who on the one hand accepted the restoration of democracy but on the other hand split Eleusis, whence the oligachs had fled, off from the Athenian Polis.

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file:Same-sex marriage in the United States.svg

{{Infobox UK place

|country = England

|coordinates = {{coord|51.2354|-0.5746|display=inline,title}}

|official_name= Guildford

|shire_district= Guildford

|shire_county = Surrey

|region= South East England

|postcode_area= GU

}}

{{Infobox officeholder

|honorific-prefix =

|name = Miloš Trifunović

|honorific-suffix =

|image = Miloš Trifunović.jpg

|office = Secretary General of the Regional Cooperation Council

|term_start = 1 January 2013

|term_end = 31 December 2018

|predecessor=Hidajet Biščević

|successor = Majlinda Bregu

|office1 = Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia and Montenegro

|term_start1 = 4 November 2000

|term_end1 = 16 April 2004

|predecessor1 = Živadin Jovanović

|successor1 = Vuk Drašković

|birth_name = Goran Svilanović

|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|10|22|df=y}}

|birth_place = Gnjilane, Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia

|death_date =

|death_place =

|nationality = Serbian

|alma_mater = University of Belgrade

|occupation =

|profession =

|religion =

}}

Милош Трифуновић (Ужице, 30. октобар 1871 — Београд, 19. фебруар 1957) био је српски и југословенски политичар.

Miloš Trifunović ({{lang-sr-cyr|Милош Трифуновић}}; 30 October 1871 – 19 February 1957) was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician.

While at York, she studied paraphilias, which are abnormal sexual preferences. Her research indicates that these are neurological conditions rather than learned behaviours.{{Cite news|url=https://www.esquire.com/lifestyle/sex/news/a52596/sex-in-brain/|title=Why It's So Hard to Figure Out How Our Brains Process Sex: From excessive masturbation to gender equality|last=Rense|first=Sarah|date=January 26, 2017|work=Esquire|access-date=November 8, 2018}} Soh has emphasized that paraphilia is broad enough to encompass consensual activities; she reserves the term paraphilic disorder for the types that predispose one to harm others{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/paraphilias-sexual-fetishes-medical-issue-voyeurism-exhibitionism-fetishism-atypical-expert-name-a7594846.html|title=Paraphilias: When sexual fetishes become a medical issue: 'Lesser known paraphilias include the sexual fantasy of being swallowed alive'|last=Gander|first=Kashmira|date=February 23, 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=November 8, 2018}} such as paedophilia.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpMcsM5tRTs

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uzunovic, Nikola}}

1. :Category:People's Radical Party politicians]]

:Category:Yugoslav National Party politicians]]

:Category:Mayors of Niš]]

=igre=

Chavín culture

Aeolis

Nicaea#Ottoman_Empire .... Nikola Bagaš _____Studenica Monastery

Treaty of Chernomen .. ... .. Thomais Orsini ... Thomas II Preljubović as the new overlord of Ioannina.

Keşan ... ______ Lüleburgaz. _____ pathfinding Muhammad al-Idrisi Ottoman pretender Savcı Bey

Csák was the name of a gens (Latin for "clan"; nemzetség in Hungarian Csák (genus)

Amardi ... Choara ... Synnada Cadi (Phrygia)

=Drina=

5th Army (Austria-Hungary)

{{Infobox scientist

|name = Antoine Joseph Gorsas

|image = Antoine-Joseph Gorsas par Bonneville.jpg

|image_size =

|caption =

|birth_name=

|birth_date = {{birth date|1742|03|9|df=y}}

|birth_place = Limoges (France)

|death_date = {{death date and age|1793|10|07|1752|03|24|df=y}}

|death_place = Paris (France) (guillotined)

|residence =

|citizenship =

|nationality = French

|ethnicity =

|fields = Publicist

|workplaces =

|alma_mater =

|doctoral_advisor =

|academic_advisor =

|doctoral_students =

|notable_students =

|known_for = Newspapers

• Courrier de Versailles à Paris et de Paris a Versailles
• Courrier des quatre-vingt-trois départements

{{Infobox person

| name = Jean-Louis Carra

| image = Jean-Louis_Carra.jpg

|birth_date = {{birth date|1742|03|9|df=y}}

|birth_place = Pont-de-Veyle (France)

| death_date = {{death date and age|1793|10|31|1742|03|9|df=y}}

| death_place = Paris, {{awrap|French First Republic}}

| death_cause = Execution by guillotine

| signature = Jean-Louis_Carra_signature.png

}}

=2=

Jean-Louis Carra, born on 9 March 1742 in Pont-de-Veyle and guillotined on October 1793 in Paris, was a journalist and participant in theFrench Revolution.

He was the son of a Commissioner of seigniorial rights. When he was still at college in Mâcon, he was imprisoned accused of stealing ribbons. In 1768-1769, he was secretary to the Marc Antoine René de Voyer. There followed a period of wandering in Switzerland and in England, where he was imprisoned for debt, in Russia and in the Moldavia of Prince Grigore Ghica. After collaborating on the Encyclopedia of Yverdon, he joined the team writing the Supplément à l'Encyclopédie in July 1771, for which he wrote 400 articles on Geography, and which he left in June 1772 after a quarrel with the editorial director Robinet. He brought the matter into the public domain by publishing a violent pamphlet against RobineLe Faux philosophe démasqué, Bouillon, 1772. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62143059/f7.item Lire sur Gallica].. In 1776, after a stay in Warsaw, he returned to France. In 1784, thanks to the protection of Baron de Breteuil, he entered the Histoire de la Bibliothèque nationale de France{{cite web|author=Bibliothèque nationale de France |date=2018 |location=Paris |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |title=Les directeurs de la Bibliothèque nationale (les maîtres de la librairie, administrateurs généraux, présidents) |url=http://comitehistoire.bnf.fr/directeurs-biblioth%C3%A8que-nationale-ma%C3%AEtres-librairie-administrateurs-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux-pr%C3%A9sidents}},.

During the Revolution, he was noticed early on by his contributions to the Annales patriotiques et littéraires.. Active in the Jacobin Club and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks, he was appointed, jointly with Chamfort, to head the Bibliothèque nationale on {{date|19|August|1792}}.

The Annales patriotiques were a prodigious success; they were in all the clubs. In the villages every popular society had its Carra partisan{{cite book |language=fr|title=History of the French Revolution by two friends of liberty|year=1792-1803|place=Paris|publisher=Garnery|volume=8|passage=140}}.. Everything that was said in these turbulent associations was collected by this paper, which spread all this from one end of France to the other.

As early as 29 December 1790, Carra appeared at the tribune of the Jacobin club, formally declared war on the Emperor Leopold, and added that, to raise all the peoples of Germany, he only asked for {{nobr|50,000 men}}, {{nobr|12 presses}}, printers and paper, but then, even in this club, no one thought about war, and Mirabeau had him covered in boos.

On 8 September 1792, he presented himself at the bar of the legislative body, and had a gold snuffbox placed on the desk, which he said had been given to him by the King of Prussia, in recognition of a work he had dedicated to him, and asked that this gold be used to fight the sovereign who had given it to him: he ended by tearing up the signature of the letter that the king had addressed to him. However, several people claimed that, despite all these protestations of a republicanism that knew neither deference nor indulgence, Carra was the agent of a party that wanted to place the Duke of Brunswick on the throne of France. This suspicion found fertile ground with Robespierre, who branded him a traitor, notwithstanding the fact that Carra had consistently been one of his most effective collaborators. Carra was one of the main promoters of the attack on the Tuileries, August 10, and boasted about it in his paper.

Carra was elected deputy to the National Convention by the departments of Eure and Saône-et-Loire: he accepted the nomination of the latter while he was replaced in the former by Louis-Jacques Savary. In the trial of Louis XVI, he was one of the first to speak out against the appeal to the people. Moreover, he did not attract attention in this assembly, and reserved all his resources for his newspaper.

It was in this paper that, from the first months of 1792, he insisted that the populace be armed with pikes in order to oppose it to the national guard, composed solely of the bourgeois of each city, and he repeated this so often that his wishes were finally satisfied. This measure disorganized the public force that supported the weak constitution. The National Guard, especially in Paris, was very well-dressed and took pride in never appearing except in the most brilliant military costume. As soon as the pikes appeared, most of the companies did not want to be confused with the mob of pikemen, who were then called "sans-culottes", and stopped serving.

Rejected by Robespierre's party, Carra sided with the Brissotins, and was appointed, under the ministry of Roland, guard of the National Library. Soon the denunciations against him multiplied. Marat, Couthon and Robespierre had him recalled from a mission to Blois, on 12 June 1793. Banished following the events of May 31, 1793, he was sentenced to death on October 30, 1793 by the revolutionary tribunal of Paris The next day he was beheaded as part of the group of 22 Girondin deputies executed that day.

He accused General Montesquiou, commander in Savoy, and was sent to the Châlons camp, from where he announced the retreat of the Prussians.