User:Dtetta/GlobalWarming-Land-use-change

= Demand Reduction =

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In transport, scenarios envision sharp increases in the market share of electric vehicles, and low carbon fuel substitution for other transportation modes like shipping.{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|pp=142–144}}; {{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|loc=Table ES.3 & p.49}}. Buildings would see additional electrification with the use of technologies like heat pumps.{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch9|2014|pp=686–694}}.

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In addition to the industrial demand reduction measures mentioned earlier, steel and cement production, which together are responsible for 13% of direct {{CO2}} emissions, present particular challenges. In these industries carbon-intensive materials, such as coke and lime, play an integral role in the production process. Reducing {{CO2}} emissions requires research driven efforts aimed at decarbonizing the chemistry of these processes.{{Cite web|title=Low and zero emissions in the steel and cement industries|url=https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/GGSD2019_IssuePaper_CementSteel.pdf|pp=11,19-22}}

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Reducing energy demand is a major feature of decarbonisation scenarios and plans.{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=97}} In addition to directly reducing emissions, demand reduction measures provide more flexibility for low carbon energy development, aid in the management of the electricity grid, and minimize carbon-intensive infrastructure development. {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Summary for Policymakers|2014|p=29}}; {{harvnb|IEA Energy Efficiency 2020: Covid-19 and Energy Efficiency|2020}} Over the next few decades, major increases in energy efficiency investment will be required to achieve these demand reductions, comparable to the expected level of investment in renewable energy. {{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=155|loc=Fig. 2.27}} However, several COVID-19 related changes in demand patterns, investments and funding have made energy demand forecasts for this decade more difficult and uncertain.{{harvnb|IEA Energy Efficiency 2020: Covid-19 and Energy Efficiency|2020}}

Efficiency strategies to reduce demand vary by sector. In transport, gains can be made by switching passengers and freight to more efficient travel modes, such as buses and trains, and increasing the use of electric vehicles {{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=142}} Industrial strategies to reduce demand include increasing the energy efficiency of heating systems and motors, designing less energy-intensive products, and increasing product lifetimes. {{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|pp=138-140}} In the building sector the focus is on better design of new buildings, and incorporating higher levels of energy efficiency in retrofitting techniques for existing structures.{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|pp=141-142}}

As world GDP and global living standards rise, future increases in energy demand may follow. {{harvnb|Millward-Hopkins|Steinberger|Raocd|Oswalda|2020}}. Individual efforts focused on less energy-intensive lifestyle choices can offset this trend. These actions include driving an electric or other energy-efficient car, reducing car use by switching to public transport or cycling, limiting meat and dairy consumption, reducing energy use in the home, limiting consumption of goods and services, and reducing air travel.{{harvnb|BBC, 11 October|2019}}; {{harvnb|Committee on Climate Change, December|2020|pp=17,19,25,50}} These kinds of changes can work in concert with other mitigation strategies,{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers|2018|p=21}}; {{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=161}} and, at the national level, can have a significant impact on overall greenhouse gas emission reductions.{{harvnb|Committee on Climate Change, December|2020|p=70|loc=Box 2}}

Sources

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|year=2018

|chapter=Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development

|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter2_High_Res.pdf

|display-authors=4

|first1=J. |last1=Rogelj

|first2=D. |last2=Shindell

|first3=K. |last3=Jiang

|first4=S. |last4=Fifta

|first5=P. |last5=Forster

|first6=V. |last6=Ginzburg

|first7=C. |last7=Handa

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|first13=M. V. |last13=Vilariño

|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}

|pages=93–174

}}

{{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 SYR Summary for Policymakers|2014}}

|chapter=Summary for Policymakers

|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf

|year=2014

|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC

|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR|2014}}

}}

{{Cite report |ref={{harvid|IEA Energy Efficiency 2020: Covid-19 and Energy Efficiency|2020}}

| author= IEA

| year= 2020

| title= Energy Efficiency 2020

|chapter=Covid-19 and energy efficiency

|chapter-url= https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2020/covid-19-and-energy-efficiency#abstract

| location= Paris, France

| access-date=6 April 2021

| url-status= live

}}

{{Cite journal

|last1 = Millward-Hopkins |first1=J.

|last2 = Steinberger |first2=J.

|last3 = Raocd |first3=N.

|last4 = Oswalda |first4=Y.

|display-authors= 2

|date= November 2020

|title= Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario

|journal= Global Climate Change

|volume=65

|doi= 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168

|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020307512?via%3Dihub

}}

{{cite news |ref={{harvid|BBC, 11 October|2019}}

|date=11 October 2019

|last= Rowlatt |first= J.

|title=Climate change: Big lifestyle changes are the only answer

|publisher=BBC

|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49997755

|access-date=10 April 2019

}}

{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Committee on Climate Change, December|2020}}

|title=The Sixth Carbon Budget: The UK’s path to Net Zero

|author=Committee on Climate Change

|date= December 2020

|location=London

|url=https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Sixth-Carbon-Budget-The-UKs-path-to-Net-Zero.pdf

}}

{{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers|2018}}