User:FuzzyMagma/X-ray Laue Diffraction Microscopy
X-ray Laue diffraction microscopy is a technique that examines the structure of materials with sub-micron spatial resolution in all three dimensions.{{Cite web |title=X-ray Laue Diffraction Microscopy in 3D at 34-ID-E, APS |website=Advanced Photon Source |url=https://www.aps.anl.gov/Sectors-33-34/34-ID-E |access-date=2023-04-05 |language=en}} It is a type of X-ray diffraction that uses polychromatic, rather than monochromatic synchrotron X-rays, to produce a regular array of spots on a photographic emulsion resulting from X-rays scattered by certain groups of parallel atomic planes within a crystal.{{Cite web |title=Laue diffraction {{!}} Definition & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Laue-diffraction |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} The Laue diffraction microscopy technique uses white Bremsstrahlung radiation to determine the crystallographic orientation of single crystalline materials.{{Cite web |last=Welzmiller |first=Simon |date=2021-03-04 |title=Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction of Materials |url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/single-crystal-x-ray-diffraction-of-materials/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Advancing Materials |language=en-US}} In addition, the technique can be used to examine detailed local structural information of crystalline materials, such as crystallographic orientation, orientation gradients, and strain.{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=W. |last2=Zschack |first2=P. |last3=Tischler |first3=J. |last4=Ice |first4=G. |last5=Larson |first5=B. |date=2011-09-09 |title=X‐ray Laue Diffraction Microscopy in 3D at the Advanced Photon Source |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |volume=1365 |issue=1 |pages=108–111 |doi=10.1063/1.3625316 |bibcode=2011AIPC.1365..108L |issn=0094-243X}} X-ray Laue diffraction microscopy has also been applied to protein crystals, allowing for time-resolved crystallography and the generation of the protein structure in timescales of about 1 second.{{Cite web |title=X-Ray Laue Diffraction - an overview |website=ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/x-ray-laue-diffraction |access-date=2023-04-05}}
Introduction
{{More information|Laue diffraction}}
X-ray Laue diffraction microscopy has a rich history, beginning with Max von Laue's discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals in 1912 [5].{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1914/perspectives/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}} Laue's discovery was quickly followed up by William Henry Bragg, who reinterpreted the diffraction phenomenon in terms of X-ray reflection by the planes of the crystal, and his son William Lawrence, who developed the theory of X-ray diffraction and demonstrated its application for the study of crystal structures and precise determination of X-ray wavelengths [2].{{Cite journal |last=Robotti |first=Nadia |date=2013-02-01 |title=The discovery of X-ray diffraction |journal=Rendiconti Lincei |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=7–18 |doi=10.1007/s12210-012-0205-1 |s2cid=122365170 |issn=1720-0776}}
Laue diffraction occurs when a thin, pencil-like beam of X-rays is allowed to impinge on a crystal, and those of certain wavelengths are oriented at just the proper angle to a group of atomic planes, producing a regular array of spots on a photographic emulsion [3]. X-ray Laue diffraction has been applied to protein crystals in a limited number of studies over several decades, allowing time-resolved crystallography and generation of protein structure in timescales of about 1 second [4].
In recent years, X-ray Laue diffraction microscopy has seen significant advances, with the technique being used to examine the structure of materials with sub-micron spatial resolution in all three dimensions. The science area of X-ray microscopy has also seen rapid development, with the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, and the subsequent use of X-ray diffraction to probe the atomic scale.{{Cite journal |last=Robotti |first=Nadia |date=2013-02-01 |title=The discovery of X-ray diffraction |journal=Rendiconti Lincei |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=7–18 |doi=10.1007/s12210-012-0205-1 |s2cid=122365170 |issn=1720-0776}}
Principles and Instrumentation
Applications
Limiations and future directions
References
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