User:Gog the Mild/Siege of Numantia

When the Second Punic War broke out between Rome and Carthage in 218 BC, a large part of Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) was controlled by Carthage or its allies.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=220}} One of Rome's first actions of the war was to send an army to north-east Spain.{{sfn|Zimmermann|2015|p=291}} After seven years of mixed fortunes, the Romans were heavily defeated in two separate battles in 211 BC, usually referred to jointly as the battle of the Upper Baetis.{{sfn|Zimmermann|2015|p=291}}{{sfn|Edwell|2015|p=322}} In 210 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio arrived to take command of Roman forces in Iberia.{{sfn|Edwell|2015|p=323}} During the following four years Scipio repeatedly defeated the Carthaginians, driving them out of Iberia in 206 BC.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=277–285}} Scipio went on to defeat Hannibal at the battle of Zama and end the 17-year-long war.{{cn}} To the disquiet of the locals, once the Carthaginians were expelled Rome established a permanent presence, creating two provinces: Hispania Citerior (Nearer Spain) in north-east Iberia and Hispania Ulterior (Further Iberia) in the south east.{{cn}}

There was near continuous warfare until the Roman consul Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus established a peace in 177 BC. This lasted until 153 BC when the Romans moved against the Celtiberian tribe the Belli, which they perceived as a developing threat.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2004|p=114}}

File:Roman republic after Fourth Macedonian War.svg

In late 135 BC, the Roman Senate reappointed Scipio consul on popular demand and sent him to Hispania to finish what lesser generals had failed to complete. Scipio found morale low among the troops stationed in Iberia. The chance of plunder being low, there were few enticements to enlistment. Scipio nevertheless raised an army of 20,000 with 40,000 allied and mercenary troops, especially Numidian cavalry and 12 elephants led by Jugurtha. The troops were trained hard by constant marching and there were several successful skirmishes before Scipio began to surround the city of Numantia itself. He planned only to starve it out and not to storm it.

File:Numancia.jpg

Scipio's army constructed two camps separated by a wall around the city (circumvallation). He dammed the nearby swamp to create a lake between the city walls and his own. From ten feet off the ground, his archers could shoot into Numantia from seven towers interspersed along the wall. He also built an outer wall to protect his camps (eventually five in total) from any relief forces (contravallation).

Scipio also engineered the isolation of the city from the Duero. He towered the river at the points where it entered and exited the city and strung a cable across, with blades, to prevent both boats and swimmers from leaving or entering the city.

File:Bronze statue of a Hellenistic prince, 1st half of 2nd century BC, found on the Quirinal in Rome, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome (31479801364).jpg", tentatively identified as Scipio Aemilianus{{sfn|Coarelli|1981|p=187}}{{sfn|Etcheto|2012|pp=278–282}}}}]]

The Numantines attempted one failed sally before their greatest warrior, Rhetogenes, successfully led a small band of men down the river past the blockade. Heading first to the Arevaci, his pleas were ignored. He then went to Lutia, where he was positively received by the youth, but the elders of the tribe warned Scipio, who marched from Numantia and arrested the 400 Lutian youths and cut off their hands. After Scipio's return, Avarus, the Numantine leader, began negotiations.

The first ambassadors sent by Numantia asked for their liberty in return for complete surrender, but Scipio refused. They were killed upon return by the incredulous populace, who believed they had cut a deal with the Romans. The city refused to surrender and starvation set in. Cannibalism ensued and eventually some began to commit suicide with their whole families. The remnant population finally surrendered only after setting their city on fire. Scipio took it and had its ruins levelled. This was late in the summer of 133.

File:Numancia (2).jpg

The siege of Numantia was recorded by several Roman historians who admired the sense of freedom of the ancient Iberians and acknowledged their fighting skills against the Roman legions. Miguel de Cervantes (author of Don Quixote) wrote a play about the event {{circa|1582}}, La Numancia, which stands today as his most well-known dramatic work. More recently, Carlos Fuentes has written a short story about the event, "The Two Numantias", published in his 1994 collection The Orange Tree. In 2017, the Spanish authorities organized a commemoration of the 2150th anniversary of the siege.{{in lang|es}} [http://conmemoracionnumancia.es/ Conmemoración del 2150 aniversario del asedio de Numancia]. Official site.

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• Filippo Coarelli, "La doppia tradizione sulla morte di Romolo e gli auguracula dell'Arx e del Quirinale", Gli Etruschi e Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio in onore di Massimo Pallottino, Rome, 1981, pp. 173–188.
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|last= Coarelli

|first=Filippo

|date=1981

|title=li Etruschi e Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio in onore di Massimo Pallottino

|chapter = La doppia tradizione sulla morte di Romolo e gli auguracula dell'Arx e del Quirinale

|url=

|editor1-last=Pallottino

|editor1-first=Massimo

|location=Rome

|publisher=G. Bretschneider

|pages=173–188

|isbn=9788885007512

|lang = It

|author-link=Filippo Coarelli

}}

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|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01984245/document

|location=Bordeaux

|publisher=Ausonius Éditions

|isbn=978-2-35613-073-0

|language=fr

}}

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• {{cite book |title=In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |isbn=978-0-7538-1789-6|year=2004|publisher=Phoenix|location=London}}

• {{cite book|last=Goldsworthy|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Goldsworthy|title=The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-304-36642-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Richard| author-link= Richard Miles (historian)|title=Carthage Must be Destroyed|location=London|publisher=Penguin |year=2011|isbn=978-0-14-101809-6}}

• {{cite book| editor-last1 = Hoyos| editor-first1 = Dexter| title = A Companion to the Punic Wars| chapter=Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War |author-last=Zimmermann|author-first=Klaus|author-link= Klaus Zimmermann| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| location = Oxford|pages=280–298| date=2015|orig-year=2011| isbn = 978-1-1190-2550-4}}

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• Davis, Paul K. Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo. Oxford University Press, 2001.