User:Karma0415'/Babesia bovis

Babesia bovis belongs to the genus Babesia, which is closely related to other apicomplexan parasites, including Theileria parva and Plasmodium species.{{Cite journal |last1=Brayton |first1=Kelly A |last2=Lau |first2=Audrey O. T |last3=Herndon |first3=David R |last4=Hannick |first4=Linda |last5=Kappmeyer |first5=Lowell S |last6=Berens |first6=Shawn J |last7=Bidwell |first7=Shelby L |last8=Brown |first8=Wendy C |last9=Crabtree |first9=Jonathan |last10=Fadrosh |first10=Doug |last11=Feldblum |first11=Tamara |last12=Forberger |first12=Heather A |last13=Haas |first13=Brian J |last14=Howell |first14=Jeanne M |last15=Khouri |first15=Hoda |date=2007-10-19 |editor-last=Carlton |editor-first=Jane |title=Genome Sequence of Babesia bovis and Comparative Analysis of Apicomplexan Hemoprotozoa |journal=PLOS Pathogens |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1401–1413 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030148 |doi-access=free |pmid=17953480 |pmc=2034396 |issn=1553-7374}} Phylogenetic studies indicate that Babesia shares a common evolutionary lineage with these parasites, all of which are obligate intracellular organisms capable of manipulating host cells for survival and proliferation. The genus Babesia includes multiple species, with Babesia bigemina being another major pathogen affecting cattle.

File:Babesia-bovis-transmission.png

The life cycle of Babesia bovis involves two hosts: cattle and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks. The cycle includes the following stages:

1. Tick Ingestion – Ticks ingest B. bovis during a blood meal from an infected bovine host.
2. Sporogony in Ticks – The parasite undergoes sporogonic development within the tick, including multiplication in the gut and migration to the salivary glands.
3. Transovarial Transmission – Unlike some other Babesia species, B. bovis can be transmitted from adult female ticks to their offspring, ensuring persistence in tick populations.
4. Transmission to Cattle – During subsequent tick feeding, B. bovis sporozoites are injected into the bovine bloodstream.
5. Erythrocytic Replication – The parasite invades red blood cells, undergoes asexual reproduction, and spreads within the host.
6. Pathogen Release – Infected erythrocytes rupture, releasing merozoites that continue the infection cycle.

Babesia bovis causes bovine babesiosis by invading red blood cells, leading to hemolysis and an intense immune response. The major clinical signs include:

• High fever
• Severe anemia
• Jaundice
• Hemoglobinuria
• Neurological signs, often referred to as "cerebral babesiosis"

Cerebral babesiosis results from sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the brain’s microvasculature, leading to neurological dysfunction, ataxia, convulsions, and coma. Although rare, B. bovis infections in humans can be life-threatening, particularly in splenectomized individuals.

Diagnostic methods for Babesia bovis include:

• Microscopy – Blood smears stained with Giemsa remain a traditional diagnostic tool.
• PCR – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays offer high sensitivity and specificity.{{Cite journal |last1=J. Mosqueda |last2=A. Olvera-Ramirez |last3=G. Aguilar-Tipacamu |last4=G. J. Canto |date=2012-04-04 |title=Current Advances in Detection and Treatment of Babesiosis |url=https://doi.org/10.2174/092986712799828355 |journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1504–1518 |doi=10.2174/092986712799828355 |pmid=22360483 |pmc=3355466 |issn=0929-8673}}
• Serological Tests – ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) help in detecting antibodies against B. bovis.
• Comparative Sensitivity – PCR-based methods outperform microscopy in early infection detection.{{Cite journal |last1=Allepuz |first1=A. |last2=Napp |first2=S. |last3=Picado |first3=A. |last4=Alba |first4=A. |last5=Panades |first5=J. |last6=Domingo |first6=M. |last7=Casal |first7=J. |date=January 2009 |title=Descriptive and spatial epidemiology of bovine cysticercosis in North-Eastern Spain (Catalonia) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304401708005037 |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |language=en |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.027|pmid=19027236 }}

Treatment options include Imidocarb dipropionate and diminazene aceturate which have proven efficacy. Drug resistance is an emerging concern, necessitating alternative strategies.

Preventive measures involve:

• Vaccination – Both live attenuated and recombinant vaccines are under development.
• Tick Control – Chemical acaricides, biological agents, and integrated management practices help reduce tick populations.{{Cite journal |last1=Thrupp |first1=Jp |last2=Wong |first2=Wt |last3=Charles |first3=Ja |date=September 2001 |title=Primary anconeal fracture in a boxer |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10778.x |journal=Australian Veterinary Journal |language=en |volume=79 |issue=9 |pages=611–612 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10778.x |pmid=11702931 |issn=0005-0423}}

Genome sequencing of Babesia bovis has identified genes involved in virulence and host immune evasion. Comparative genomic studies with Theileria parva and Plasmodium falciparum reveal shared mechanisms of intracellular survival and immune modulation.

Bovine babesiosis, primarily due to Babesia bovis, imposes significant financial burdens on the cattle industry, particularly in Latin America, Africa, and Australia. Economic losses stem from:

• Reduced productivity due to illness
• Mortality in susceptible cattle populations
• Costs of treatment and tick control

Government-led eradication efforts in the United States have successfully reduced B. bovis prevalence, setting a model for other regions.

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