User:Kepler-1229b/Ainu-Minoan languages

Alexander Akulov (2015) is the first paper trying to prove a relation between the Ainu languages and Great Andamanese languages, in a hypothetical Ainu-Andamanese language family. For this, he uses the Prefixation Ability Index and the Verbal Grammar Correlation Index, two language comparison techniques developed by himself. According to him, this proves that Ainu would originate from further south than its present location, and that the two families would be about as distant as English and Persian (two Indo-European languages). He rejects the hypothesis that Ainu is related to the Austroasiatic, Austronesian or Altaic families, as he considers the genetic classification of languages to be based on syntax and grammar rather on the basis of lexicon, but supposes that Ainu-Andamanese may be linked to the West Papuan and North Halmahera families.

Afterwards, with the same methods, he extends his hypothesis to the Sino-Tibetan languages, forming an Ainu-Andamanese-Sino-Tibetan family. According to himself, Ainu is the closest to Qiang, which he explains by possible influence from Austric on Mandarin.

He then incorporates languages such as Northwest Caucasian, Minoan and Hattic into the macrofamily, which he renames the "Ainu-Minoan languages",Akulov refers to his hypothetical language family by this name. excluding a connection with Etruscan and the Hurro-Urartian languages due to their absence of prefixation and usage of suffixation and postpositions, and opening up possible connections to other languages. He then proposes the following classification:

{{tree list}}

• Ainu-Minoan
• Great Andamanese
• Ainu
• Sino-Tibetan
• Northwest Caucasian
• Minoan
• Hattic

{{tree list/end}} 

Later, using words he considers to be cognates with Ket and Proto-Yeniseian with the Northwest Caucasian languages and Hattic, as well as loanwords of the hypothetical language of paja ul deˀŋ in Kildin Sámi, he puts the Yeniseian family and paja ul deˀŋ as being of Ainu-Minoan stock. He then reforms the classification, this time being split into two branches:

{{Tree list}}Ainu-Minoan

• Western branch
• Northwest Caucasian
• Hattic
• Minoan
• Yeniseian
• Paja ul deˀŋ
• Eastern branch
• Sino-Tibetan
• Ainu
• Great Andamanese{{Tree list/end}}

He considers later that paja ul deˀŋ is intermediate between Yeniseian and other western Ainu-Minoan languages.

The Northeast Caucasian languages are later also included, but Akulov (2021a) criticizes Starostin's and other linguists' methods of comparing the "basic" lexicon. He also rejectds a connection between Northeast Caucasian and Hurro-Urartian.

Later, he proposes to add Sumerian to his hypothesis with the same methods, and writes off other hypotheses of the affiliation of Sumerian to be "naïve and amateurish" or looking "like a plot for a vaudeville sketch". He supposes Sumerian to be particularly close to Northeast Caucasian.

A 2022 paper outlines the following classification for the western branch:{{Cite journal |last=Akulov |first=Alexander |title=Substrate words of Sami which correlate with Sumerian words |url=https://www.academia.edu/86758368/Substrate_words_of_Sami_which_correlate_with_Sumerian_words |journal=Akulov A. 2022. Substrate words of Sami which correlate with Sumerian words. Cultural Anthropology and Ethmosemiotics, Vol. 8, № 3; pp.: 40 - 44}}

{{Tree list}}Ainu-Minoan

• Western branch
• Paja ul deˀŋ
• Yeniseian-Southern cluster
• Yeniseian
• Southern cluster
• Minoan-Hattic-Northwest Caucasian
• Northwest Caucasian
• Minoan-Hattic
• Hattic
• Minoan
• Northeast Caucasian-Sumerian
• Northeast Caucasisn
• Sumerian{{Tree list/end}}

{{Infobox proto-language|name=Proto-Ainu-Minoan|familycolor=unclassified|target=Ainu-Minoan|era=50000-60000 BP|acceptance=hypothetical}}

Proto-Ainu-Minoan is believed by its proponents to have existed around 50 000 to 60 000 years ago,{{Cite journal |last=Nonno |first=Tresi |date=May 2021 |title=A preliminary attempt to reconstruct the lexeme of “man” / “person” of the Ainu-Minoan proto-language |url=https://culturalanthropologyandethnosemiotics.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/nonno_lexeme.pdf |journal=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics}} thus being very difficult to reconstruct, and the different branches would have separated after that time. The reconstructed form of "man" for Proto-Ainu-Minoan is *[k]wVd[V], based on proto-forms of its constituent languages. Based on genetic analysis of haplogroup Y-D, present in Qiang, Tibetans, Andamanese and Ainu, Akulov supposes that the eastern branch of Ainu-Minoan originated in the Bay of Bengal. According to Tresi Nonno (2021), the Great Andamanese languages were the first to diverge from Eastern Ainu-Minoan.

The general consensus among linguists is that the language families are unrelated. In the case of certain language families, there is debate on the relations between them.

A possible connection between Ainu and Great Andamanese has only been studied by Akulov, but Ainu{{Cite book |first=Philipp |last=Strazny |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Linguistics/5f13EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Encyclopedia of Linguistics |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-45523-1 |volume=1 |page=26 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2023}}{{Cite book |first=Patrick |last=Heinrich |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Making_of_Monolingual_Japan/4wrPBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=The Making of Monolingual Japan |date=2012 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-847-69656-4 |page=94 |language=en |access-date=12 March 2023}}{{Cite book |first=Nanette |last=Gottlieb |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Language_and_Society_in_Japan/NJ3uIXixGqQC?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Language and Society in Japan |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-53284-6 |page=19 |language=en |access-date=12 March 2023}} and Great Andamanese{{Cite book |first=Shirley A. |last=Fedorak |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Global_Issues/_2GaAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Global Issues |date=2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-442-60598-5 |page=58 |language=en |access-date=12 March 2023}} are generally considered to be individual language families unrelated to any other.

• Macrofamily
• Dené–Caucasian languages

• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320161678_Ainu_and_Great_Andamanese_are_relatives_proved_by_Prefixation_Ability_Index_and_Verbal_Grammar_Correlation_Index |title=Ainu and Great Andamanese are relatives (proved by Prefixation Ability Index and Verbal Grammar Correlation Index) |date=2015 |publisher=CAES |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/25865947/Ainu_is_a_relative_of_Sino_Tibetan_stock_preliminary_notes_ |title=Ainu is a relative of Sino-Tibetan stock (preliminary notes) |date=2016 |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/36059399/Ainu_Minoan_stock?sm=b |title=Ainu-Minoan stock |date=2018 |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=5 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/45157595/Northeast_Caucasian_languages_and_the_Ainu_Minoan_stock?sm=b |title=Northeast Caucasian languages and the Ainu-Minoan stock |date=2021a |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/93059273/On_the_etymology_of_the_hydronym_Sestra |title=On the etymology of the hydronym Sestra |date=2022a |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=25 February 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/49055207/Substrate_lexical_items_of_Sami_which_correlate_with_words_of_Northeast_Caucasian_languages?f_ri=3267306 |title=Substrate lexical items of Sami which correlate with words of Northeast Caucasian languages |date=2021b |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/44112979/Substrate_lexis_of_Kildin_Sami_interpreted_through_languages_belonging_to_the_Western_branch_of_the_Ainu_Minoan_stock_some_notes_on_the_language_of_Paja_ul_de%CB%80%C5%8B?sm=b |title=Substrate lexis of Kildin Sami interpreted through languages belonging to the Western branch of the Ainu-Minoan stock: some notes on the language of Paja ul deˀŋ |date=2020 |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/73618031/Sumerian_and_the_Ainu_Minoan_stock?sm=b |title=Sumerian and the Ainu-Minoan stock |date=2022b |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Alexander |last=Akulov |url=https://www.academia.edu/40460504/Yeniseian_languages_and_Ainu_Minoan_stock?sm=b |title=Yeniseian languages and Ainu-Minoan stock |date=2019 |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Tresi |last=Nonno |url=https://www.academia.edu/86804983/Androgynous_deities_beings_in_mythologies_and_art_of_the_Ainu_Minoan_people_as_a_sign_of_positive_attitude_toward_variations_of_gender?sm=b |title=Androgynous deities/beings in mythologies and art of the Ainu-Minoan people as a sign of positive attitude toward variations of gender |date=2022a |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Tresi |last=Nonno |url=https://www.academia.edu/49352992/A_preliminary_attempt_to_reconstruct_the_lexeme_of_man_person_of_the_Ainu_Minoan_proto_language?sm=b |title=A preliminary attempt to reconstruct the lexeme of "man" / "person" of the Ainu-Minoan proto-language |date=2021 |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• {{Cite book |first=Tresi |last=Nonno |url=https://www.academia.edu/74238559/The_meaning_of_Sumerian_culture_for_the_reconstruction_of_cultural_patterns_existing_in_societies_speaking_languages_belonging_to_the_Ainu_Minoan_stock?sm=b |title=The meaning of Sumerian culture for the reconstruction of cultural patterns existing in societies speaking languages belonging to the Ainu-Minoan stock |date=2022b |publisher=Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics |language=en |access-date=10 January 2023}}

• {{Cite web |title=Recent papers in Ainu-Minoan stock |url=https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ainu-Minoan_stock |url-access= |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=academia.edu |language=en}}

{{Long-range comparative linguistics}}

:Category:Proposed language families