User:Mbangert/Pneumolysin

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File:Pneumolysin-protein-3d-structure-RCSB.jpg

Pneumolysin is a putative virulence factor of the gram positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.{{cite journal|title=The molecular mechanism of pneumolysin, a virulence factor from Streptococcus pneumoniae.|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|date=1998 Nov 27|volume=284|issue=2|pages=449–61|pmid=9813129|last1=Rossjohn|first1=J.|last2=Gilbert|first2=R. J.|last3=Crane|first3=D.|last4=Morgan|first4=P. J.|last5=Mitchell|first5=T. J.|last6=Rowe|first6=A. J.|last7=Andrew|first7=P. W.|last8=Paton|first8=J. C.|last9=Tweten|first9=R. K.|last10=Parker|first10=M. W.|doi=10.1006/jmbi.1998.2167}}

It is a 53 kDa pore forming toxin composed of 471 amino acids.{{cite journal|title=Pneumolysin: a double-edged sword during the host-pathogen interaction.|journal=Current Molecular Medicine|date=2008 Sep|volume=8|issue=6|pages=497–509|pmid=18781957 |last1=Marriott |first1=H. M. |last2=Mitchell |first2=T. J. |last3=Dockrell |first3=D. H. |doi=10.2174/156652408785747924 }} It has a range of biological activities including the ability to lyse{{cite journal|title=Essential role of domain 4 of pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae in cytolytic activity as determined by truncated proteins.|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|date=2001 Feb 16|volume=281|issue=1|pages=37–44|pmid=11178957|last1=Baba|first1=H.|last2=Kawamura|first2=I.|last3=Kohda|first3=C.|last4=Nomura|first4=T.|last5=Ito|first5=Y.|last6=Kimoto|first6=T.|last7=Watanabe|first7=I.|last8=Ichiyama|first8=S.|last9=Mitsuyama|first9=M.|doi=10.1006/bbrc.2001.4297}} and interfere with the function of cells and soluble molecules of the immune system{{cite journal|title=The role of pneumolysin in pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology|date=2004 Nov|volume=138|issue=2|pages=195–201|pmid=15498026 |last1=Hirst |first1=R. A. |last2=Kadioglu |first2=A. |last3=O'Callaghan |first3=C. |last4=Andrew |first4=P. W. |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02611.x |pmc=1809205 }}.

Secreted pneumolysin will aid the bacteria during colonization, by facilitating adherence to the host{{cite journal|last=Rubins|first=JB|coauthors=Paddock, AH, Charboneau, D, Berry, AM, Paton, JC, Janoff, EN|title=Pneumolysin in pneumococcal adherence and colonization.|journal=Microbial Pathogenesis|date=1998 Dec|volume=25|issue=6|pages=337–42|doi=10.1006/mpat.1998.0239 |pmid=9895272}}, during invasion by damaging host cells{{cite journal|title=Pneumolysin: a multifunctional pneumococcal virulence factor.|journal=The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine|date=1998 Jan|volume=131|issue=1|pages=21–7|pmid=9452123 |last1=Rubins |first1=J. B. |last2=Janoff |first2=E. N. |doi=10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90073-7 }}, and during infection by interfering with the host immune response{{cite journal|title=The role of pneumolysin in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.|journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases|date=2002 Jun|volume=15|issue=3|pages=235–9|pmid=12015456|last1=Cockeran|first1=R.|last2=Anderson|first2=R.|last3=Feldman|first3=C.|doi=10.1097/00001432-200206000-00004}} .

The presence of pneumolys in sputum{{cite journal|title=Detection of pneumolysin in sputum.|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|date=1999 Sep|volume=48|issue=9|pages=863–6|pmid=10482298|last1=Wheeler|first1=J.|last2=Freeman|first2=R.|last3=Steward|first3=M.|last4=Henderson|first4=K.|author5=Lee MJS|last6=Piggott|first6=N. H.|author7=Eltringham GJA|last8=Galloway|first8=A.|doi=10.1099/00222615-48-9-863}}, urine{{cite journal|title=Pneumolysin in urine: a rapid antigen detection method to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia in children.|journal=Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology|date=2002 Oct-Dec|volume=20|issue=4|pages=183–6|pmid=17657067|last1=Rajalakshmi|first1=B.|last2=Kanungo|first2=R.|last3=Srinivasan|first3=S.|last4=Badrinath|first4=S.|doi=10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03186-8}}, CSF{{cite journal|title=Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the gene for pneumolysin.|journal=Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz|date=2006 Aug|volume=101|issue=5|pages=559–63|pmid=17072463|last1=Matos Jde|first1=A.|last2=Madureira|first2=D. J.|last3=Rebelo|first3=M. C.|last4=Hofer|first4=C. B.|last5=Barroso|first5=D. E.|doi=10.1590/s0074-02762006000500014}} and blood{{cite journal|title=Pneumolysin polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia and empyema in children.|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology|date=2006 Dec|volume=25|issue=12|pages=783–9|pmid=17089094|last1=Lahti|first1=E.|last2=Mertsola|first2=J.|last3=Kontiokari|first3=T.|last4=Eerola|first4=E.|last5=Ruuskanen|first5=O.|last6=Jalava|first6=J.|doi=10.1007/s10096-006-0225-9}} can be indicative of an S. pneumoniae infection.