User:MeekMark/sandbox/Modern musical symbols

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Staff or stave
The fundamental latticework of music notation, upon which symbols are placed. The five stave lines and four intervening spaces correspond to pitches of the diatonic scale - which pitch is meant by a given line or space is defined by the clef. With treble clef, the bottom staff line is assigned to E above middle C. In music education, for the Treble Clef, the mnemonic "Every Good Boy Does Fine" is used to remember the value of each line from bottom to top. The interstitial spaces are often remembered as spelling the word "face" (notes F-A-C-E).

| width=* | Ledger or leger lines
Used to extend the staff to pitches that fall above or below it. Such ledger lines are placed behind the note heads, and extend a small distance to each side.

| width=* | Bar line
Used to separate measures (see time signatures below for an explanation of measures). Bar lines are extended to connect the upper and lower staffs of a grand staff.

| width=* | Double bar line, Double barline
Used to separate two sections or phrases of music. Also used at changes in key signature or major changes in style or tempo. A bold double bar line indicates the conclusion of a movement or an entire composition.

| width=* | Dotted bar line, Dotted barline
Subdivides long measures into shorter segments for ease of reading, usually according to natural rhythmic subdivisions.

| width=* | Accolade, brace
Connects two or more lines of music that are played simultaneously.[http://www.decodeunicode.org/u+007B U+007B loft curly bracket] at decodeunicode.org; retrieved on May 3, 2009 Depending on the instruments playing, the brace, or accolade, will vary in designs and styles.

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | G clef (Treble Clef)
This is the most commonly encountered clef in modern notation, and is used for most modern vocal music. Middle-C is the 1st ledger line below the stave here. The shape of the clef comes from a stylised upper-case-G.

| width=* | F clef (Bass Clef)
The line or space between the dots in this clef denotes F below middle C. This clef appears nearly as often as the treble clef, especially in choral music, where it represents the bass and baritone voices.

| width=* | Name

| width=12.5% | Rest

| width=* | Whole note

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Half note

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Quarter note

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Eighth note
For notes of this length and shorter, the note has the same number of flags (or hooks) as the rest has branches.

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Sixteenth note

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Thirty-second note

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Sixty-fourth note

| width=12.5% | 100px

| colspan=2 width=* style="text-align: left;" | Beamed notes
Beams connect eighth notes (quavers) and notes of shorter value, and are equivalent in value to flags. In metered music, beams reflect the rhythmic grouping of notes. They may also be used to group short phrases of notes of the same value, regardless of the meter; this is more common in ametrical passages. In older printings of vocal music, beams are often only used when several notes are to be sung to one beat; modern notation encourages the use of beaming in a consistent manner with instrumental engraving, and the presence of beams or flags no longer informs the singer. Today, due to the body of music in which traditional metric states are not always assumed, beaming is at the discretion of the composer or arranger and irregular beams are often used to place emphasis on a particular rhythmic pattern.

| colspan=2 width=* style="text-align: left;" | Dotted note
Placing dots to the right of the corresponding notehead lengthens the note's duration. n dots lengthen the note by $\backslash tfrac\{2^n-1\}\{2^n\}$ its value, e.g. one dot by one-half, two dots by three-quarters, three dots by seven-eighths, and so on. Rests can be dotted in the same manner as notes. For example, if a quarter note had one dot alongside itself, it would get one and a half beats.

| width=* | Flat
Lowers the pitch of a note by one semitone.

| width=* | Sharp
Raises the pitch of a note by one semitone.

| width=* | Natural
Cancels a previous accidental, or modifies the pitch of a sharp or flat as defined by the prevailing key signature (such as F-sharp in the key of G major, for example).

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Flat key signature
Lowers by a semitone the pitch of notes on the corresponding line or space, and all octaves thereof, thus defining the prevailing major or minor key. Different keys are defined by the number of flats in the key signature, starting with the leftmost, i.e., B♭, and proceeding to the right; for example, if only the first two flats are used, the key is B♭ major/G minor, and all B's and E's are "flattened", i.e. lowered to B♭ and E♭.

| width=* | Sharp key signature
Raises by a semitone the pitch of notes on the corresponding line or space, and all octaves thereof, thus defining the prevailing major or minor key. Different keys are defined by the number of sharps in the key signature, also proceeding from left to right; for example, if only the first four sharps are used, the key is E major/C♯ minor, and the corresponding pitches are raised.

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Specific time
The bottom number represents the note value of the basic pulse of the music (in this case the 4 represents the crotchet or quarter-note). The top number indicates how many of these note values appear in each measure. This example announces that each measure is the equivalent length of three crotchets (quarter-notes). You would pronounce this as "Three Four Time", and was referred to as a "perfect" time.

| width=* | Common time
This symbol is a throwback to sixteenth century rhythmic notation, when it represented 2/4, or "imperfect time". Today it represents 4/4.

| width=* | Alla breve or Cut time
This symbol represents 2/2 time, indicating two minim (or half-note) beats per measure. Here, a crotchet (or quarter note) would get half a beat.

| width=* | Metronome mark
Written at the start of a score, and at any significant change of tempo, this symbol precisely defines the tempo of the music by assigning absolute durations to all note values within the score. In this particular example, the performer is told that 120 crotchets, or quarter notes, fit into one minute of time. Many publishers precede the marking with letters "M.M.", referring to Maelzel's Metronome.

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Tie
Indicates that the two (or more) notes joined together are to be played as one note with the time values added together. To be a tie, the notes must be identical; that is, they must be on the same line or the same space; otherwise, it is a slur (see below).

| width=* | Slur
Indicates that two or more notes are to be played in one physical stroke, one uninterrupted breath, or (on instruments with neither breath nor bow) connected into a phrase as if played in a single breath. In certain contexts, a slur may only indicate that the notes are to be played legato; in this case, rearticulation is permitted.

Slurs and ties are similar in appearance. A tie is distinguishable because it always joins exactly two immediate adjacent notes of the same pitch, whereas a slur may join any number of notes of varying pitches.

A phrase mark (or less commonly, ligature) is a mark that is visually identical to a slur, but connects a passage of music over several measures. A phrase mark indicates a musical phrase and may not necessarily require that the music be slurred.

| width=* | Tuplet
A number of notes of irregular duration are performed within the duration of a given number of notes of regular time value; e.g., five notes played in the normal duration of four notes; seven notes played in the normal duration of two; three notes played in the normal duration of four. Tuplets are named according to the number of irregular notes; e.g., duplets, triplets, quadruplets, etc.

| width=* | Chord
Several notes sounded simultaneously ("solid" or "block"), or in succession ("broken"). Two-note chords are called dyad; three-note chords are called triads. A chord may contain any number of notes.

| width=* | Arpeggiated chord
A chord with notes played in rapid succession, usually ascending, each note being sustained as the others are played.

| width=12.5% style="text-align: center;" | 73px

| width=* | Pianississimo
Extremely soft. Very infrequently does one see softer dynamics than this, which are specified with additional ps.

| width=* | Pianissimo
Very soft. Usually the softest indication in a piece of music, though softer dynamics are often specified with additional ps.

| width=* | Piano
Soft. Usually the most often used indication.

| width=* | Mezzo piano
Literally, half as soft as piano.

| width=* | Mezzo forte
Similarly, half as loud as forte. More commonly used than mezzo-piano. If no dynamic appears, mezzo-forte is assumed to be the prevailing dynamic level.

| width=* | Forte
Loud. Used as often as piano to indicate contrast.

| width=* | Fortissimo
Very loud. Usually the loudest indication in a piece, though louder dynamics are often specified with additional fs (such as fortississimo - seen below).

| width=* | Fortississimo
Extremely loud. Very infrequently does one see louder dynamics than this, which are specified with additional fs.

| width=* | Sforzando
Literally "forced", denotes an abrupt, fierce accent on a single sound or chord. When written out in full, it applies to the sequence of sounds or chords under or over which it is placed.

| width=* | Crescendo
A gradual increase in volume.
Can be extended under many notes to indicate that the volume steadily increases during the passage.

| width=* | Diminuendo
Also decrescendo
A gradual decrease in volume. Can be extended in the same manner as crescendo.

| width=12.5% style="text-align: center;" | 50px

| width=* | Forte-piano
A section of music in which the music should initially be played loudly (forte), then immediately softly (piano).

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Staccato
This indicates that the note is to be played shorter than notated, usually half the value, the rest of the metric value is then silent. Staccato marks may thus appear on notes of any value, thus shortening their actual performed duration without speeding up the music itself.

| width=* | Staccatissimo
Indicates a longer silence after the note (as described above), making the note very short. Usually applied to quarter notes or shorter. (In the past, this marking’s meaning was more ambiguous: it sometimes was used interchangeably with staccato, and sometimes indicated an accent and not staccato. These usages are now almost defunct, but still appear in some scores.)

| width=* | Dynamic accent
The note is played louder or with a harder attack than any surrounding unaccented notes. May appear on notes of any duration.

| width=* | Tenuto
This symbol has several meanings. It usually indicates that it be played for its full value, or slightly longer. It may indicate a separate attack on the note, or may indicate legato, in contrast to the dot of staccato. Combining a tenuto with a staccato dot indicates a slightly detaching ("portato" or "mezzo staccato").

| width=* | Marcato
The note is played much louder or with a much stronger attack than any surrounding unaccented notes. May appear on notes of any duration. Also called petit chapeau.

| width=* | Fermata (Pause)
An indefinitely-sustained note or chord. Usually appears over all parts at the same metrical location in a piece, to show a halt in tempo. It can be placed above or below the note.

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Trill
A rapid alternation between the specified note and the next higher note (according to key signature) within its duration. Also called a "shake." When followed by a wavy horizontal line, this symbol indicates an extended, or running, trill. Trills can begin on either the specified root note or the upper auxiliary note, though the latter is more prevalent in modern performances.

| width=* | Mordent
Rapidly play the principal note, the next higher note (according to key signature) then return to the principal note for the remaining duration. In much music, the mordent begins on the auxiliary note, and the alternation between the two notes may be extended.

| width=* | Mordent (lower)
Rapidly play the principal note, the note below it, then return to the principal note for the remaining duration. In much music, the mordent begins on the auxiliary note, and the alternation between the two notes may be extended.

| width=* | Turn
When placed directly above the note, the turn (also known as a gruppetto) indicates a sequence of upper auxiliary note, principal note, lower auxiliary note, and a return to the principal note. When placed to the right of the note, the principal note is played first, followed by the above pattern. By either placing a vertical line through the turn symbol or inverting it, it indicates the order of the auxiliary notes is to be reversed.

| width=* | Appoggiatura
The first half of the principal note's duration has the pitch of the grace note (the first two-thirds if the principal note is a dotted note).

| width=* | Acciaccatura
The acciaccatura is of very brief duration, as though brushed on the way to the principal note, which receives virtually all of its notated duration.

|style="padding-left:1em;"|Ottava alta
Notes below the dashed line are played one octave higher than notated.

|

|style="padding-left:1em;"|Ottava bassa
Notes above the dashed line are played one octave lower than notated.

|style="padding-left:1em;"|Quindicesima alta
Notes below the dashed line are played two octaves higher.

|100px

|style="padding-left:1em;"|Quindicesima bassa
Notes below the dashed line are played two octaves lower. The notation and dashed line are usually written below the staff, rather than above as shown here.[http://www.dolmetsch.com/defs0.htm Music Dictionary: 1–9] (Dolmetsch Online)

| width=12.5% | 100px

| width=* | Tremolo
A rapidly-repeated note. If the tremolo is between two notes, then they are played in rapid alternation. The number of slashes through the stem (or number of diagonal bars between two notes) indicates the frequency at which the note is to be repeated (or alternated). As shown here, the note is to be repeated at a demisemiquaver (thirty-second note) rate.

| width=* | Repeat signs
Enclose a passage that is to be played more than once. If there is no left repeat sign, the right repeat sign sends the performer back to the start of the piece or the nearest double bar.

| width=* | Simile marks
Denote that preceding groups of beats or measures are to be repeated. In the examples here, the 1st usually means to repeat the previous bar, and the 2nd usually means to repeat the previous 2 bars.

| width=* | Volta brackets (1st and 2nd endings, or 1st and 2nd time bars)
Denote that a repeated passage is to be played in different ways on different playings.

| width=* | Da capo
Tells the performer to repeat playing of the music from its beginning. This is followed by al fine, which means to repeat to the word fine and stop, or al coda, which means repeat to the coda sign and then jump forward.

| width=* | Dal segno
Tells the performer to repeat playing of the music starting at the nearest segno. This is followed by al fine or al coda just as with da capo.

| width=* | Segno
Mark used with dal segno.

| width=* | Coda
Indicates a forward jump in the music to its ending passage, marked with the same sign. Only used after playing through a D.S. al coda or D.C. al coda.

| width=12.5% style="text-align: center;" | 50px

| width=* | Engage pedal
Tells the player to put the sustain pedal down.

| width=* | Release pedal
Tells the player to let the sustain pedal up.

| width=* | Variable pedal mark
More accurately indicates the precise use of the sustain pedal. The extended lower line tells the player to keep the sustain pedal depressed for all notes below which it appears. The inverted "V" shape (/\) indicates the pedal is to be momentarily released, then depressed again.

| width=12.5% style="text-align: center;" | m.d. / MD / r.H. / r.h. / RH

| width=* | mano destra (Italian)
main droite (French)
rechte Hand (German)
right hand (English)

| width=* | mano sinistra (Italian)
main gauche (French)
linke Hand (German)
left hand (English)

| width=* | Finger identifications:
1 = thumb
2 = index
3 = middle
4 = ring
5 = little