User:OnBeyondZebrax/sandbox/History of the Jews in Ukraine

In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in 1030. In the name of Orthodox Christianity, the army of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars massacred and took into captivity a large number of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniates in 1648–49.Recent estimates range from fifteen thousand to thirty thousand Jews killed or taken captive, and 300 Jewish communities totally destroyed.Paul Magocsi , A History of Ukraine, p. 350. University of Washington Press, 1996. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odessa after the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first pogrom, At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur. From 1911 to 1913, the antisemitic tenor of the period was characterized by a number of blood libel cases. In 1915, the government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas, which coincide with the Pale of Settlement.Pinkus 1988, 31Baron 1964, 188–91.

During the 1917 Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 31,071 Jews were killed during 1918–1920. During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21Serhy Yekelchyk, [http://books.google.com/books?id=yZLtAAAAMAAJ&q=Ukraine:+Birth+of+a+Modern+Nation&dq=Ukraine:+Birth+of+a+Modern+Nation&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=45ebUcHUNKr20gX2s4HQAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation], Oxford University Press (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}}), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was between 35 and 50 thousand.

Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia and spread to many other regions of Ukraine.Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century. Published by Cambridge University Press, pg. 46–47. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qi98Go30BSIC&pg=PA46&dq=Kiev+pogrom+1919&sig=GntpZ6QR9e8jfs84dz13k25Dj50#PPA46,M1] Massive pogroms continued until 1921.Arno Joseph Mayer, The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Published by Princeton University Press, pg. 516 [http://books.google.com/books?id=B0jHwhsSNfQC&pg=PA516&dq=Kiev+pogrom+1919&sig=s6QUgczZMDnGt2F7d2xzM1aSfeI]

The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area.Сергійчук, В. Український Крим К. 2001, p.156 Total civilian losses during the war and German occupation in Ukraine are estimated at seven million, including over a million Jews shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen and by their many local Ukrainian supporters in the western part of Ukraine. Ukraine had 840,000 Jews in 1959, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population declined significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). The overwhelming majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 left Ukraine and moved to other countries (mostly to Israel) in the 1990s during and after the collapse of Communism.{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications/alia2001/pdf/tab30.pdf |title=tab30.XLS |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-04-16}} Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still a problem in Ukraine.[http://www.hrwf.org/Joom/images/reports/2010/2010%20antisemitism%20ukraine.pdf Anti-Semitism in Ukraine in 2010], Human Rights Watch (7 October 2010)
[http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=topic&tocid=463af2212&toid=49709c5e2&publisher=&type=&coi=&docid=507294fe2&skip=0 Ukraine: Treatment of ethnic minorities, including Roma; state protection], Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (17 September 2012)