User:R123J456/Static fatigue

Static fatigue describes how repetitive cyclic stress weakens a material until it breaks apart, which is called failure.{{Cite book |last=In Materials |first=Woodhead Publishing |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/creep-and-fatigue-in-polymer-matrix-composites/guedes/978-1-84569-656-6 |title=Creep and Fatigue in Polymer Matrix Composites |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9780081014585 |editor-last=Guedes |editor-first=Rui Miranda |edition=1st}} It is sometimes called "delayed fracture".{{Cite book |last=Pelleg |first=Josh |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-86118-6_15 |title=Cyclic Deformation in Oxides, Carbides, and Nitrides |publisher=Springer |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-030-86118-6 |volume=22 |pages=495-511}} This damage happens at a smaller stress level than the stress level needed to create a normal tensile fracture. Static fatigue has to do with plastic deformation{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=G.S. |last2=Blom |first2=A.F. |title=Effect of Large Local Plastic Flow on the Fatigue Life of Metallic Materials |url=https://www.gruppofrattura.it/ocs/index.php/ICF/ICF11/paper/viewFile/9810/9226 |journal=Aeronautics Division |via=The Swedish Defence Research Agency}} or crack growth.{{Cite book |last=Courtney |first=Thomas H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcYSAAAAQBAJ&dq=mechanical+behavior+of+material+Thomas&pg=PR3 |title=Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Second Edition |date=2005-12-16 |publisher=Waveland Press |isbn=9781478608387 |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Furmanski |first=J. |last2=Rimnac |first2=C.M. |date=2011 |title=Crack Propagation Resistance Is Similar Under Static and Cyclic Loading in Crosslinked UHMWPE: A Pilot Study |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21128033/ |journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research |volume=469 |issue=8 |pages=2302-2307 |via=PubMed Central}} For example, repeated stress can create small cracks that grow and eventually break apart plastic{{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Roy. J. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750637640500030 |title=Plastics Engineering (Chapter 1 - General Properties of Plastics) |publisher=Matthew Deans |year=1998 |isbn=9780081007099 |edition=1 |pages=1-40}}, glass{{Cite journal |last=Grutzik |first=S.J. |last2=Strong |first2=K.T. |last3=Rimsza |first3=J.M. |date=December 2022 |title=Kinetic model for prediction of subcritical crack growth, crack tip relaxation, and static fatigue threshold in silicate glass |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nocx.2022.100134 |journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: X |volume=16 |issue=100134}}, and ceramic{{Cite book |last=Ruys |first=Andrew |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-01189-8 |title=Processing, structure, and properties of alumina ceramics |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-08-102442-3 |pages=71-121}} materials. The material reaches failure faster by increasing cyclic stress. Static fatigue varies with material type and environmental factors such as moisture presence{{Cite book |last=Laughton |first=M.J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075064637-6/50037-X |title=Optical Fibres in Power Systems |last2=Warne |first2=D.J. |last3=Tricker |first3=R. |publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7506-4637-6 |edition=16 |pages=37-1, 37-3-37-17}} and temperature.{{Cite book |last=Kingery |first=W.D. |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoce0000king |title=Introduction to ceramics |publisher=Wiley |year=1976 |isbn=978-0471478607 |location=New York |pages= |url-access=registration}}{{Cite journal |last=Ebel |first=A. |last2=Caty |first2=O. |last3=Rebillat |first3=F. |date=2022 |title=Effect of temperature on static fatigue behavior of self-healing CMC in humid air |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359835X22000926 |journal=Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing |volume=157 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}

Static fatigue tests can estimate a material’s lifetime{{Cite journal |last=Wilkins |first=B.J. |last2=Dutton |first2=R. |date=March 1976 |title=Static Fatigue Limit with Particular Reference to Glass |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1976.tb09442.x |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |volume=59 |issue=3-4 |pages=108-112}} and hardness to different environments{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=A. |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-042993-9/00181-9 |title=Comprehensive Composite Materials (2.05 - Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics—Properties) |last2=Zweben |first2=C. |last3=Sims |first3=G.D. |last4=Broughton |first4=W.R. |publisher=Pergamon |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-08-042993-9 |volume=2 |pages=151-197}}.  However, measuring a static fatigue limit takes a long time, and it is hard to measure a material’s true static fatigue limit with full certainty.

File:Crack growth progression in glass rod.jpg

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) happens when a stressed material is in a corrosive (chemically destructive) environment.{{Cite book |last=Raja |first=V.S. |url=https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093769.3.245 |title=Stress Corrosion Cracking |last2=Tetsuo |first2=Shoji |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84569-673-3 |pages=245-272}} One example of SSC embrittlement is when moisture increases static fatigue effects in glass.{{Cite journal |last1=Wiederhorn |first1=S. M. |last2=Bolz |first2=L. H. |date=1970-10-01 |title=Stress Corrosion and Static Fatigue of Glass |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=543–548 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1970.tb15962.x |issn=1551-2916}} SCC is also seen in hydrogen embrittlement,{{Cite web |last=Lou than |first=M.R. |title=Hydrogen Embrittlement - Office of Scientific and Technical Information |url=http://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/WSRC-STI-2008-00062.pdf}}{{Cite journal |last=Murakami |first=Y. |last2=Kanezaki |first2=T. |last3=Matsuoka |first3=S. |date=2008 |title=Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanism in Fatigue of Austenitic Stainless Steels |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11661-008-9506-5 |journal=Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A |volume=39 |pages=1327–1339 |via=Springer}} embrittlement of some polymers,{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Norman |title=Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials |last2=Parrish |first2=Mark F. |date=1974 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=9781461345404 |editor-last=Bishay |editor-first=Adli |pages=1–13 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-4538-1_1}} and more.

Plastic deformation happens when stresses flatten, bend, or twist a material until it no longer returns to its original shape.{{Cite book |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750682879000069 |title=Materials Enabled Designs |publisher=Butterworth Heinemann |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7506-8287-9 |pages=161-187 |via=Science Direct}} This can create several cracks in the material and decrease its lifetime.

Plastic pipes under water or other fluids experience hydrodynamic forces resulting in fatigue.{{Citation |last=Farshad |first=Mehdi |title=7 - Fatigue, corrosion, and wear |date=2006-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781856174961500082 |work=Plastic Pipe Systems |pages=153–165 |editor-last=Farshad |editor-first=Mehdi |access-date=2023-04-15 |place=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier Science |language=en |isbn=978-1-85617-496-1}} The pipes reach failure sooner with higher temperature or increased exposure to aggressive substances. '''For static fatigue tests, rotating machines apply weight on the material under study causing it to bend in different directions.{{Citation

| last = Goodman

| first = Soderberg

|url= https://web.njit.edu/~sengupta/met%20301/cyclic_loading%20indefinite.pdf

| contribution = Fatigue

| year = 2022

| title = MET 301: Design for Cyclic Loading

| publisher = New Jersey Institute of Technology

| page=1

}}'''

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