User:Seahawk01/Notes:Terry stop

Distinction needs to be made between incident (tactical) level, which is governed by law and departmental (strategic) level. See:

{{cite journal |last=Fradella |first=Henry F. |last2=White |first2=Michael D. |date=2017 |title=Reforming Stop-and-Frisk |url=https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/2723.pdf |journal=Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=45-65}}

This is where NYPD got in trouble (see Stop-and-frisk in New York City) by using mass terry stops as a departmental strategy.

Before Terry v. Ohio:

• built on English commmonlaw ("watchman" detains "nightwalkers")
• before 1963 more than half the states did not have exclusionary rule in state law. In states without it the police were free to detain and search people because evidence would not be excluded
• Supreme Court forced exclusionary rule onto states 1963 with Mapp v. Ohio
• problem with exclusionary rule - police have other reasons to harass people besides arrest
• mention vagrancy rules, etc. which were phased out around this time
• Supreme Court forced Miranda onto states - Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

source: Katz 2004

After Terry v. Ohio:

conservative court from 1969 to present plus:

• Nixon's get tough on crime 1969
• Nixon, Reagan, Bush, etc
• War on Drugs
• DEA - Operation Pipeline - drug courier profiles
• Highway drug interdiction - Whren v United States - pretextual stops
• Clinton and mass incarceration
• War on Terrorism

{{cite web |date=2015 |url=https://sunlightfoundation.com/2015/03/02/stop-and-frisk-in-4-cities-the-importance-of-open-police-data-2/ |title=Stop and frisk in 4 cities: The importance of open police data |publisher=Sunlight Foundation}}

{{cite web |url=https://www.acluohio.org/archives/issue-information/the-cincinnati-collaborative-agreement |title=The Cincinnati Collaborative Agreement |publisher=ACLU of Ohio}}

{{cite web |url=https://www.aclupa.org/our-work/legal/legaldocket/baileyetalvcityofphiladelp |title=Bailey, et al. v. City of Philadelphia, et al. |publisher=ACLU of Pennsylvania}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/nyregion/stop-and-frisk-practice-violated-rights-judge-rules.html?module=inline |title=Judge Rejects New York’s Stop-and-Frisk Policy |publisher=New York Times}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-stop-and-frisk-challenge |title=The Stop-and-Frisk Challenge |publisher=The New Yorker}}

{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu-il.org/en/campaigns/stop-and-frisk |title=Stop and Frisk |publisher=ACLU of Illinois}}

{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/cases/collins-et-al-v-city-milwaukee-et-al |title=Collins et al v City Milwaukee et al |date=July 10, 2018 |publisher=ACLU}}

{{cite web |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2018/07/13/milwaukee-mayor-signs-settlement-aclu-stop-and-frisk-lawsuit-police/784557002/ |title=Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett signs off on $3.4 million settlement in ACLU stop-and-frisk lawsuit |date=July 13, 2018 |publisher=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}

{{cite web |url=https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2018/10/18/aclu-attempts-to-end-stop-and-frisk-policing/ |title=ACLU Attempts to End Stop-And-Frisk Policing |date=October 18, 2018 |publisher=Urban Milwaukee}}