User:Svenor.1966/Ola Tunander

From early 1990s, Tunander wrote on military strategy, confidence-building measures, O. Tunander, Cold Water Politics: The Maritime Strategy and Geopolitics of the Northern Front (London: Sage, 1989); ‘Four Scenarios for the Norwegian Sea’, in Kari Möttölä, ed., The Arctic Challenge – Nordic and Canadian Approaches to Security and Cooperation in an Emerging International Region (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988); “Naval Hierarchies – European ‘Neutralism’ and Regional Restraint at Sea”, in Sverre Lodgaard, ed., Naval Forces – Arms Control and Confidence-Building (London: Sage, 1990). region-buildingO.S. Stokke and O. Tunander eds., The Barents Region: Regional Cooperation in Arctic Europe (London: Sage, 1994); O. Tunander, “Geopolitics of the North, Geopolitik of the Weak – A Post-Cold War Return to Rudolf Kjellén”, Cooperation & Conflict, vol. 43, no. 2, June, 2008. and US remaking of world order.O. Tunander, “Bush’s Brave New World: A New World Order - A New Military Strategy”, Bulletin of Peace Proposals (later Security Dialogue), vol. 22, no. 4, 1991 He headed a Nordic study group, “A new Europe” from mid-1980s with Prof [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_W%C3%A6ver Ole Wæver], the founder of the concept of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization_(international_relations) “securitization”]Ole Wæver, “Securitization and Desecuritization”, in R.D. Lipschutz, ed., On Security (New York: Colombia University Press 1995); O. Wæver, “European Security Identities”, in Burgess and Tunander European Security Identities: Contested understandings of EU and NATO, (Oslo: PRIO 2000). and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Copenhagen_School_(international_relations) Copenhagen School] of International Relations; Prof [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver_B._Neumann Iver B. Neumann], Research Director [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_International_Affairs Norwegian Institute of International Affairs]; Sverre Jervell, the architect behind the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Region Barents Euro-Arctic Region] launched by Norwegian Foreign Minister [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_Stoltenberg Thorvald Stoltenberg] and Russian Foreign Minister [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Kozyrev Andrei Kozyrev] in 1993; and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espen_Barth_Eide Espen Barth Eide], later Norwegian State Secretary for Foreign Affairs and Defense. Prof. Robert Bathurst (PRIO and U.S. Naval Postgraduate School) and Tunander initiated Norwegian-Russian dialogue seminars. In 1994, he co-edited a volume on the post-Cold War regional cooperation in Arctic Europe, The Barents Region, with chapters by the foreign ministers (Kozyrev and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_J%C3%B8rgen_Holst Holst]) and foreword by former foreign minister Stoltenberg. Tunander wrote contributions about Northern Europe, [http://web.archive.org/web/20050312142345/http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/foreign/032005-990418/dok-bn.html Nordic Cooperation] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavism Scandinavism] published by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Swedish Olof Palme International Center.Tunander, ”Nordic Cooperation”, Odin, (Information from the Government and Ministries, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo 1999); Tunander, “Norway, Sweden and Nordic Cooperation” in Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti, eds, The European North – Hard, Soft and Civic Security (Stockholm: The Olof Palme International Center / Arctic Centre, University of Lapland 1999), pp. 39-48; Tunander, ”Norway's Post-Cold War Security – Between Friend and Foe, or between Cosmos and Chaos”, pp. 48-63 in Anders Orrenius & Lars Truedsson, Visions of European Security Policy – Focal Point Sweden and Northern Europe (Stockholm: The Olof Palme International Center 1996). He contributed to Russian journal International Affairs with the Norwegian and Russian ambassadors, Norwegian Prime Minister [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland Jagland] and Foreign Minister [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Tore_Godal Godal] and his Russian counterpart [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov Yevgeny Primakov]. Tunander wrote and edited two Swedish books on power, identity and territory and co-edited Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe (1997). Some of these books were on the reading lists for universities and military colleges in Europe and the United States. After 2000, he organized Nordic-Chinese dialogue conferences with the [http://www.ciis.org.cn/en/index.asp CIIS] (Chinese Institute of International Studies) and the Nordic peace research and international affairs institutes. He also participated in a Washington dialogue. His new focus on China might be explained by his marriage with Dr Yao Xiaoling, who wrote a doctoral thesis on the Chinese reform policy.Yao Xiaoling, From Village Election to National Democratisation – An Economic-Political Microcosm Approach to Chinese Transformation. Norwegian School of Management, Oslo 2004.

Tunander emphasized that the state’s traditional Friend-Foe divide had been supplemented by a Cosmos-Chaos divide that made European states seek centrality rather than territory and in some cases cut off less developed nationalist territories (i.e. the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic Czech] case in 1993). He wrote articles on geopolitics for [http://sdi.sagepub.com/ Security Dialogue], [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=RIS Review of International Studies], [http://cac.sagepub.com/ Cooperation and Conflict], and [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14650045.asp Geopolitics] as well as for the Italian journal [http://temi.repubblica.it/limes/ Limes].Tunander, “Swedish-German Geopolitics for a New Century – Rudolf Kjellén’s ‘The State as a Living Organism’”, Review of International Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, 2001; Tunander, “Swedish Geopolitics: From Rudolf Kjellén to a Swedish ‘Dual State’”, Geopolitics, no. 10, autumn, 2005; Tunander, Cooperation & Conflict, vol. 43, no. 2, June, 2008; Tunander, “Il ritorno delle ‘geopolitica dei deboli”’, Limes – Revista Italiano di Geopolitica (Special Issue: ‘Partita al Polo’), Quaderni Specili no. 3, June, 2008. http://temi.repubblica.it/limes/partita-al-polo; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_(rivista) He argued in articles for above journals, for the European Commission,Tunander, The Dual State and the Sovereign: A Schmittian Approach to Western Politics, Challenge Second Annual Report to the European Commission 2006 (7.3.3 Work package 3 – Deliverable No. 32), Challenge, Brussels; Terrorism, Securitization and a Unipolar World Order, Challenge Second Annual Report for the EU Commission 2006 (7.3.6 Work package 3 – Deliverable No. 44), Challenge, Brussels; From Coalition to Collision: Neo-conservatives, Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations, Challenge Second Annual Report for the EU Commission 2006 (7.3.7 Work package 3 – Deliverable No. 44), Challenge, Brussels; War on Terror and US Transformation of World Order, Challenge Second Annual Report for the EU Commission 2006 (7.3.8 – Deliverable No. 44), Brussels. and for a book volume Government of the Shadows (2009)Tunander “Democratic State vs. Deep State – Approaching the Dual State of the West”, in Eric Wilson, ed., Government of the Shadows: Parapolitics and Criminal Sovereignty, (London: Pluto Press, 2009). that U.S. hegemonic power divided the single Western state into a “dual state”: a regular democratic hierarchy versus a security hierarchy linked to the U.S. With reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt Schmitt],Carl Schmitt, Political Theology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, [1922] 1985). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau Morgenthau] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Fraenkel_(political_scientist) Fraenkel],Ernst Fraenkel, The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship (New York: Octagon Books, 1969, [1941]). he developed the concept of “dual state” as composed by a regular democratic state “public state” (Peter Dale Scott)Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 911: Wealth Empire and the Future of America (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007). that acts according to the rule of law, and by a covert [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_state “deep state”] or “security state” able to veto the decisions of the former (Morgenthau)Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics in the Twentieth Century, Vol. 1: The Decline of Democratic Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1962). and to “securitize” regular politics by making certain activities an issue of life and death (Wæver).Wæver, 1995. Cold War military coups or coup attempts (i.e. Turkey, Greece, Italy and Spain) were understood in terms of the “veto power” of the “deep state”, which “securitized” regular democratic activities by the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism terrorism].Daniele Ganser, NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe (London and New York: Frank Cass, 2005). Tunander quotes his conversation with former U.S. Secretary of Defense [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger James Schlesinger], who spoke about a Swedish “dual state”: the neutral “Political Sweden” versus the “Military Sweden” that, according to Schlesinger, was “planning to get the USA involved as soon as possible”.Tunander, “The Uneasy Imbrication of Nation-State and NATO: The Case of Sweden”, Cooperation & Conflict, vol. 34, no. 2, June, 1999.; see also Tunander “The Informal NATO or NATO als Gemeinschaft – The Case of Sweden”, in Burgess and Tunander, European Security Identities – Contested Understandings of the EU and NATO. Tunander quotes U.S. secretaries of defense, chairman of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff] and U.S. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations Chief of Naval Operations], as saying: when it came to the most sensitive issues, as the Swedish-U.S. military ties, there was only one rule: “Nothing on paper”.Ibid.

Tunander’s study of covert political structures goes back to his experience of high profile submarine activities in Swedish archipelagoes and naval bases in the 1980s. His books from the 1980s accepted the official view. In 1983, Swedish Prime Minister [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Palme Olof Palme] protested against the “Soviet intrusions”. He was forced to cancel his policy and deep-freeze Sweden’s diplomatic relations to Moscow.Tunander (1987; 1989; 2004). In 1980, 8 % of the Swedes viewed the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union] as a direct threat and 33 % considered the Soviets as hostile. After a stranded Soviet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine submarine] in 1981 and primarily after a dramatic anti-submarine operation in 1982 with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_submarine midget subs] inside Swedish naval bases, these figures changed to 42 % and 83 % respectively,Göran Stütz, Opinion 87 – En opinionsundersökning om svenska folkets inställning till några samhälls- och försvarsfrågor hösten 1987. Stockholm: Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar. December 1987. which forced Sweden to deep-freeze its Soviet ties. However, in the 1990s, Tunander was told by U.S. and British officials that these operations were run by the U.S. and the U.K. In 2000 former U.S. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense Secretary of Defense] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger Caspar Weinberger] and former U.K. Navy minister [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Speed Keith Speed] stated on Swedish TV that their subs had operated regularly and frequently in Swedish waters to test Swedish defenses after navy-to-navy consultations.Interview with Caspar Weinberger, Striptease, Swedish TV 2, (7 March, 2000). A transcript of the interview is published in Tunander (2004). Interview with Keith Speed, Striptease, Swedish TV 2, (11 April, 2000). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee Chairman of NATO Military Committee] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigleik_Eide Vigleik Eide], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO NATO Secretary General] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen George Robertson] added that these were not NATO operations but operations under national command (U.S. and U.K.).See Tunander (2004). This led to a Swedish Government inquiry under Sweden’s former Washington Ambassador [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Ek%C3%A9us Rolf Ekéus] with Ambassador Mathias Mossberg as Secretary and with Tunander as a civilian expert.SOU 2001:85. Perspektiv på ubåtsfrågan – Hanteringen av ubåtsfrågan politiskt och militärt. (Stockholm: Statens Offentliga Utredningar, Försvarsdepartementet, 2001). Tunander wrote a Swedish book Hårsfjärden (2001), articles for the journal of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences, the Swedish Journal of War Sciences, the Zürich-based Parallel History Project,Tunander “Remarks on US/UK Submarine Deception in Swedish Waters in the 1980s”, Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP website, section Area Studies), 29 July 2004. http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/publications/areastudies/subinc.cfm. and an English volume The Secret War against Sweden: US and British Submarine Deception in the 1980s (2004), which emphasized the submarines role to change Swedish public opinion and foreign policy. Tunander argued that these operations were PSYOPs decided by a U.S. “deception operation committee” chaired by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency CIA] Director [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Casey William Casey], and some of them were run by a CIA-Navy liaison office, National Underwater Reconnaissance Office, headed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy Secretary of Navy] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lehman John Lehman].Spelet under ytan [The Game beneath the Surface] (Revised edition 2009), pp. 388-392. http://www.prio.no/upload/people/ola_tunander/Spelet%20under%20ytan.pdf; see also Peter Huchthausen and Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix, Hide and Seek: The Untold Story of Cold War Espionage at Sea (New Jersey: John Wiley, 2009), p. 285.

The [http://www.diis.dk/sw13004.asp Danish Government Inquiry on the Cold War] (2005)Danmark under den kalde krig (Copenhagen: DIIS, 2005). http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmark_under_den_kolde_krig

http://www.minibib.dk/F?func=find-b&P_CON_LNG=ENG&DOC_LNG_00=ALL&local_base=dcism&find_code=SYS&request=400883

and the Finnish Cold War History (2006)Pekka Visuri, Suomi kylmässä Sodassa (Helsinki: Otava, 2006). based their analysis on Tunander’s works, which provoked a debate. Tunander wrote another volume Spelet under ytan [The Game beneath the Surface] for the Swedish Cold War history project. A German TV-documentary [http://www.zdf-enterprises.de/de/in_feindlichen_tiefen_der_geheime_u_boot_krieg_der_supermaechte.40.htm?template=d_zdfe_program&skip=137&sort=sheadline_en&order=asc&play=1&net=0 In feindlichen Tiefen] (by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte Arte] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDF ZDF], 2005) was largely based on Tunander’s work and aired all over Europe.http://www.otrkey.com/download/In_feindlichen_Tiefen.html; http://www.zdf-enterprises.de/de/in_feindlichen_tiefen_der_geheime_u_boot_krieg_der_supermaechte.5527.htm In 2007-2008, Swedish TV aired documentaries based on Tunander’s work. This provoked a controversy. Sweden’s [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Society_of_Naval_Sciences Royal Society of Naval Sciences] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_War_Sciences Royal Academy of War Sciences] organized seminars. Sweden’s former chief of defense and former chief of staff wrote articles against Tunander.Herman Fältström red. Ubåtsoperationer och kränkningar under det kalla kriget, Försvaret och det kalla kriget (FOKK), nr 15, with a debate in Historisk tidskrift [Swedish History Journal] 2008-2010 and in Forum Navale [Swedish Journal of Naval History], 2009-2010. Tunander was supported by Ambassador Mossberg, the Submarine Inquiry Secretary, who wrote a book I mörka vatten: Hur det svenska folket fördes bakom ljuset i ubåtsfrågan [In Dark Waters: How the Submarines were used to Deceive the Swedish People] (Stockholm, 2009) with a cover text by Ambassador Ekéus. Mossberg similar to the Danish Government Inquiry and the German TV documentary stressed Tunander’s argument that some operations were very likely U.S. and U.K. PSYOPs. Tunander received similar support from Finnish President [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto Mauno Koivisto], who recalled Soviet leader [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov Yuri Andropov] telling him that the Swedes should sink every intruding submarine, so they could see themselves what turned up.Mauno Koivisto, ”Ubåtshysterin orsakade mig plåga”, Svenska Dagbladet, 3 September 2008. http://www.svd.se/opinion/brannpunkt/ubatshysterin-orsakade-mig-plaga_1656487.svd. Prime Minister Palme never pointed to the Soviets after his conversation with President Koivisto in August 1983. Tunander was supported by French Naval historian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Sheldon-Duplaix Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix] and former U.S. attaché to Moscow Captain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Huchthausen Peter Huchthausen].Huchthausen and Sheldon-Duplaix (2009). The Swedish controversy, however, is still ongoing with a volume written by Sweden’s former Chief of Defence General Bengt Gustafsson 2010.Bengt Gustafsson, Sanningen om ubåtsfrågan [The Truth about the Submarines] (Stockholm: Santérus, 2010).

Cold Water Politics: The Maritime Strategy and Geopolitics of the Northern Front (London: Sage, 1989). ISBN-10: 0803982194; ISBN-13: 978-0803982192.

The Barents Region: Regional Cooperation in Arctic Europe, with Olav Schram Stokke eds. (London: Sage, 1994). ISBN-10: 0803978979; ISBN-13: 978-0803978973.

[http://books.google.com/books?id=7ZQ_V7xgliAC&pg=Forside&dq=Geopolitics+in+Post-Wall+Europe:+Security,+Territory+and+Identity.+(London:+Sage,+1997).&hl=no&cd=2#v=onepage&q&f=false Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe: Security, Territory and Identity], with Pavel Baev and Victoria Einagel eds. (London: Sage, 1997). ISBN-10: 0761955496; ISBN-13: 978-0761955498.

European Security Identities: Contested understandings of EU and NATO, with Peter Burgess, eds. (Oslo: PRIO, 2000). ISBN: 82-7288-210-8.

[http://books.google.com/books?id=cN-ETroO0zEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tunander&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Secret War against Sweden: US and British Submarine Deception in the 1980s] (London & New York: Frank Cass & Routledge, 2004). ISBN-10: 0714653225; ISBN-13: 978-0714653228.

Den Svarta Duvan – Essäer om makt, teknik och historia [The Black Dove – Essays on Power, Technology and History] (Lund: Symposion, 1985). {{ISBN|91-85040-010}}.

På Autobahn mot sekelskiftet [On Autobahn towards the Turn of the Century] (Lund: Symposion, 1985). ISBN: 91-7868-016-6.

Norden och USAs maritima strategi – En studie av Nordens förändrade strategiska läge [The Nordic Countries and the US Maritime Strategy – A Study of the Changed Strategic Position of the Nordic Area]. ’Försvarets Forskningsanstalt [Swedish Defense Research Establishment], Stockholm: FOA Rapport C 10295-1.4, 1987. ISSN 0281-0247.

Murar – Essäer om makt, identitet och territorialitet [Walls – Essays on Power, Identity and Territoriality] (Ålborg: Nordic Summer University, 1995). {{ISBN|87-87564-72-6}}; {{ISBN|82-7198-025-4}}; {{ISBN|91-88484-10-6}}; {{ISBN|9979-837-10-1}}.

Europa och Muren – Om ‘den andre’, gränslandet och historiens återkomst i 90-talets Europa [Europe and the Wall – On ‘the Other’, the Borderland and the Return of History in Europe of the 1990s], ed. (Ålborg: Nordic Summer University, 1995). {{ISBN|87-87564-69-6}}; ISBN 9979 -837-07-1; {{ISBN|82-7198-023-8}}; {{ISBN|91-88484-08-4}}.

Hårsfjärden – Det hemliga ubåtskriget mot Sverige [Hårsfjärden – The Secret Submarine War against Sweden] (Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 2001). {{ISBN|91-1-301038-7}}.

Spelet under ytan – Teknisk bevisning i nationalitesfrågan för ubåtsoperationen mot Sverige 1982, published by the Swedish research program: ’Sverige under kalla kriget’ [Sweden during the Cold War], no. 16 (Gothenburg Univ. & Stockholm Univ., 2007). ISSN 1402 -5507 (A revised edition was published on the PRIO website in 2009). http://www.prio.no/upload/people/ola_tunander/Spelet%20under%20ytan.pdf

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.prio.no/sptrans/-2147374835/OT%20Short%20scholarly%20biography%202009.pdf Short scholarly biography]
• [http://www.prio.no/People/Person/?oid=65428 Staff page at PRIO]