Ushanka

File:Gray-lambskin-ushanka-hat.jpg

An ushanka ({{langx|ru|ушанка}}, {{IPA|ru|ʊˈʂankə|IPA}}, from {{Langx|ru|уши|ushi|label=none}}, {{gloss|ears}}), also called an ushanka-hat ({{langx|ru|шапка-ушанка|shapka-ushanka|links=no}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈʂapkə ʊˈʂankə|}}), is a Russian fur hat with ear-covering flaps that can be tied up on the crown of the cap, or fastened at the chin to protect the ears, jaw, and lower chin from the cold.{{cite book |last1=Evans-Romaine |first1=Karen |editor1-last=Smorodinskaya |editor1-first=Tatiana |editor2-last=Evans-Romaine |editor2-first=Karen |editor3-last=Goscilo |editor3-first=Helena |title=Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78786-7 |page=246 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Contemporary_Russian/tZHCAQAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Headgear}}

An alternative way to wear is to bend the flaps back and tie them behind the head, which is called "ski-style" — this offers less protection from the elements, but much better visibility, essential for high-speed skiing. The dense fur also offers some protection against blunt impacts to the head. They are also traditionally worn in the Baltic region including Sweden, Finland, Norway and the entire Eastern European region.

Materials

Ushanka hats are made from sheepskin (tsigeyka or mouton), karakul, rabbit, muskrat, mink and many other furs. Artificial fur hats are also manufactured and are referred to as "fish fur" since the material is not from any real animal.{{cite book|author-link=Steven Zaloga|author=Zaloga, Steven|title=Red Army of the Great Patriotic War 1941–5|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=1989|isbn=0-85045-939-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWNrGXNvFGMC&q=%22fish+fur%22+ushanka+-wikipedia.org&pg=PA43|page=43}} The simplest "fish fur" of ushankas was made of wool pile with cloth substrate and cloth top, with the exception of the flaps, which had the pile exposed. Mink fur ushankas are widely used in the Arctic regions of Russia, protecting the ears and chin of the wearer even from "deep frost", which is around {{cvt|-70|to|-40|C|F}}.

History

Hats with fur earflaps have been known for centuries.{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofhats.net/hat-history/ushanka/|title=Ushanka - Different Types of Russian Winter Caps|website=www.historyofhats.net|access-date=2019-02-19}} The design of ushanka with a perfectly round crown was developed in the 17th century when in central and northern Russia a hat with two earflaps and a backflap called {{ill|treukh|ru|Треух}} ("three-eared") was worn.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/01/28/russian_winter_hats_ushanka_kubanka_petushok_33635.html|title=Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok|last1=Fedorova|first1=Inna|last2=RBTH|first2=special to|date=2014-01-28|website=www.rbth.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-19}} The modern ushanka design from 1917 is also inspired by the Norwegian norvezhka, a hat which was invented by Norwegian arctic explorers. The main difference from the treukh is that the earflaps of the norvezhka were much longer. In addition, Cossacks of the Kuban have influenced the design of modern Ushanka through interaction with peoples from Central Asia and Caucasus.

In 1917 during the Russian Civil War, the ruler of Siberia, Aleksandr Kolchak, introduced a winter uniform hat, commonly referred to as a kolchakovka, c. 1918. It was similar to the ushanka. However, Kolchak and the White Army lost the war, and their headgear was not adopted in the new Soviet Union.

Red Army soldiers instead wore the budenovka, which was made of felt. It was designed to resemble historical bogatyr helmets, and did not provide much protection from the cold.

During the Winter War against Finland, organizational failures and inadequate equipment left many Soviet troops vulnerable to cold, and many died of exposure. The Finnish army had much better equipment including an ushanka-style fur hat, the turkislakki M36{{efn|'turkis'+'lakki' literally means "fur hat" in Finnish}}, introduced in 1936. In 1939, shortly before the Winter War, the slightly improved turkislakki M39 was introduced, and is still in use today.{{cite web|url=http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/erikoissivustot/sotilaspuvut/suomeksi/ilmavoimien+sotilaspuvut/palveluspuku|website=Puolustusvoimat.fi|title=Finnish Army website|access-date=2018-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819104619/http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/erikoissivustot/sotilaspuvut/suomeksi/ilmavoimien+sotilaspuvut/palveluspuku|archive-date=2014-08-19|url-status=dead}} After the Winter War, the Red Army received completely redesigned winter uniforms. Budenovkas were finally replaced with ushankas based on the Finnish example.{{cite book|first=Laurent|last=Mirouze|title=Infanteristen des Zweiten Weltkriegs|year=1993|publisher=Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger|location=Düsseldorf|isbn=3-924753-27-X|page=28}} Officers were issued fur ushankas; other ranks received ushankas made with plush or "fish fur". When they experienced the harsh Russian winter, for example during the Battle of Moscow, German soldiers started to wear ushankas and other Soviet-type winter gear, as their uniforms did not provide adequate protection from the extreme cold.{{cite book|first=Mathias|last=Färber|title=Zweiter Weltkrieg|publisher=Unipart-Verlag, Stuttgart|date=1990|isbn=3-8122-3001-1|page=556}}

The ushanka became a symbol and media icon of the Soviet Union and later the Russian Federation. Photographs of U.S. President Gerald Ford wearing the cap during a 1974 visit to the Soviet Union were seen as a possible sign of détente.

File:Kolchak decorating troops.jpg|Alexander Kolchak decorating his troops wearing kolchakovkas

File:Kukkia Mannerheimille.jpg|General Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of the Finnish Army wearing white turkislakki in 1938

File:Aarne-edward-juutilainen.jpg|Finnish Army Captain Aarne Juutilainen in the Battle of Kollaa during Winter War in 1939

File:Kekkonen aseellinen.jpg|Finland's president Urho Kekkonen during a visit to Zavidovo, Russia in 1965

File:Photograph of President Gerald Ford with Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev upon Ford's Arrival at Vozdvizhenka Air Base, near Vladivostok, U.S.S.R. - NARA - 7157128.jpg|Gerald Ford (left) wearing an ushanka, with Leonid Brezhnev (right) wearing a Karakul.

Current use

Identified with Soviet rule and issued in all Warsaw Pact armies, the ushanka has since become a part of the winter uniform for military and police forces in Canada and other Western countries with a cold winter. Gray (American civilian police), green (for camouflage), blue (police, United States Coast Guard, and United States Post Office) and black versions are in current usage. In 2013, the Russian army announced that soldiers will get a new ushanka with a rounder crown and small sealable openings in the flaps for wearing headphones.{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |date=2013 |title=Russian Army Says Goodbye to Earflaps |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2013/russia-130118-rianovosti02.htm |website=www.globalsecurity.org}} It is also still used by the Polish armed forces.

The ushanka was used by the East German authorities before German reunification, and remained part of the German police uniform in winter afterwards. In the Finnish Defence Forces, a gray hat is used with M62 uniform and a green one of different design is a part of M91 and M05 winter dress. Armoured troops have a black hat (M92), while generals may wear a white M39 hat. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police use a "regulation hat" (between an ushanka and an aviator hat), made of muskrat fur.{{cite web|url=http://furbearerdefenders.com/campaigns/rcmp-hats|title=RCMP hats|website=Furbeardefenders.com|access-date=2012-09-20|archive-date=2013-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103025235/http://www.furbearerdefenders.com/campaigns/rcmp-hats|url-status=dead}} This replaced the former Canadian military fur wedge cap. Similar ones are used by Toronto Transit Commission staff during winter.

File:Lei Feng 11.jpg reading to fellow soldiers wearing ushankas]]

A similar type of headgear is worn in China's People's Liberation Army's winter uniform. Featured in an iconic propaganda image of Lei Feng, this type of hat is often called by Chinese "the Lei Feng hat" (雷锋帽, Lei Feng mao).{{cn|date=December 2020}}

It is claimed that British wartime airmen visiting the Kola Inlet to help to protect the Arctic convoys quickly started to wear ushankas because their own uniform hats were not warm enough, but "kept the ear flaps tied up to the crown as any Russian would, because it was considered unmanly to wear them down."{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Kristen |title=Jack Davenport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOZKWUPUNBIC&pg=PA143 |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |isbn=978-1-4596-0378-3 |page=143}} However, in the Russian military up to this day, the way of wearing the ushanka — up flaps, down flaps or ski-style — is considered a part of uniform of the day and is usually decided by a unit commander at reveille.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

Similar hats

Trapper hats are "a sort of hybrid between the aviator cap and the ushanka—they combine the style of the former with the furriness of the latter". They are considered more casual than the military-derived ushanka.{{cite web|title=Men Winter Hat Guide|url=http://www.artofmanliness.com/2013/01/22/men-winter-hat-guide/|website=Artofmanliness.com|date=2013}}

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police use muskrat ushankas.{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-mounties-muskrat-hats-1.4327556 |title=Politics: Wanted by the Mounties: 4,470 muskrat hats |quote=RCMP considered phasing out its fur hats, but says muskrat is best for cold, wet conditions |first1=Alison |last1=Crawford |publisher=CBC News |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=December 23, 2022}}

Traditional Finnish "Koivistolainen" flat-topped fur hat, which originates from the {{ill|Koivisto (kauppala)|fi}} (now: Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast, Russia) region in the Karelian Isthmus.

Gallery

File:Gray-sheepskin-hat.jpg|Earflaps down

File:Earflaps behind.jpg|Ushanka hat with earflaps tighten behind: ski-style

File:Ushanka hat look from the front with earflaps behind.jpg|Front look of a hat with earflaps behind

File:Back of an ushanka hat.jpg|back of an ushanka hat with earflaps down

File:Lining of an ushanka hat.jpg|lining of an ushanka hat

File:Soviet soldier DN-SC-92-04942.jpg|Soviet soldier wearing the ushanka with the winter version of the afghanka; both the afghanka collar and the ushanka are made from "fish fur"

File:Tasavallanpresidentinvaihdos2012 07.JPG|The Presidential change of Finland in 2012

File:Police on the Berlin Wall.JPEG|East German border guards stand atop the Berlin Wall

File:Guard Prague castle 5768.jpg|Czech Guard of the Prague castle