Ustilaginales
{{Short description|Order of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Huitlacoche.jpg
| image_caption = Huitlacoche
| taxon = Ustilaginales
| authority = (G. Winter 1880){{cite book | author = Winter G. | year = 1880 | title = Rabenhorsts Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweitz, Vol. 1 | publisher = E. Kummer | location = Leipzig | page = 73 |language=German}} (as "Ustilagineae") Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997{{cite journal | author = Bauer, R.| year = 1997 | title = Ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa. | journal = Canadian Journal of Botany | volume = 75 | issue = 8 | page = 1311 | doi=10.1139/b97-842| bibcode = 1997CaJB...75.1273B |display-authors=etal}}
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = Anthracoideaceae
}}
The Ustilaginales are an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes. The order contained 8 families, 49 genera, and 851 species in 2008.{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk MP, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk |url-access=limited |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford|year=2008 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk/page/n726 716]–17|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}
In 2011, monotypic family Pericladiaceae {{au|Vánky}} holding just Pericladium {{au|Pass.}} (with 3 species) was added.{{cite journal |last1=Vánky |first1=K. |title=The genus Pericladium (Ustilaginales). Pericladiaceae fam. nov. |journal=Mycologia Balcanica |date=2011 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=147–152}}
Also family Cintractiellaceae {{au|Vánky}} was later placed in a monotypic order Cintractiellales {{au|McTaggart & R.G. Shivas}} in 2020.{{cite journal |last1=McTaggart |first1=A.R. |last2=Prychid |first2=C.J. |last3=Bruhl |first3=J.J. |last4=Shivas |first4=R.G. |title=The PhyloCode applied to Cintractiellales, a new order of smut fungi with unresolved phylogenetic relationships in the Ustilaginomycotina. |journal=Fungal Systematics and Evolution. |date=2020 |volume=6 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.3114/fuse.2020.06.04|pmid=32904025 |pmc=7451774 }}
Ustinaginales is also known and classified as the smut fungi. They are serious plant pathogens, with only the dikaryotic stage being obligately parasitic.
Morphology
Has a thick-walled resting spore (teliospore), known as the "brand" (burn) spore or chlamydospore.
Economic importance
They can infect corn plants (Zea mays) producing tumor-like galls that render the ears unsaleable. This corn smut, is also known as huitlacoche and sold canned for consumption in Latin America.
Sexual reproduction
Almost all Ustilaginales species share a dimorphic life cycle that includes an asexual, saprophitic yeast-like stage and a filamentous sexual stage that is required to parasitize a host.{{cite journal |vauthors=Steins L, Guerreiro MA, Duhamel M, Liu F, Wang QM, Boekhout T, Begerow D |title=Comparative genomics of smut fungi suggest the ability of meiosis and mating in asexual species of the genus Pseudozyma (Ustilaginales) |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=321 |date=June 2023 |pmid=37312063 |pmc=10262431 |doi=10.1186/s12864-023-09387-1 |doi-access=free}} The parasitic phase involves karyogamy, the process of fusing two haploid nuclei (present in haploid teliospore cells), followed by meiosis. Each meiosis results in a septated basidium bearing four haploid basidiospores which can then proceed to yeast-like growth. During meiosis, genes are expressed that function in recombination and DNA repair.
See also
References
;Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite book |first1=C.J. |last1=Alexopolous |first2=Charles W. |last2=Mims |first3=M. |last3=Blackwell |title=Introductory Mycology |publisher=Wiley |edition=4th |date=2004 |isbn=0-471-52229-5 |oclc=33012821}}
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Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
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