Uvs Lake Basin

File:Kotlina velkých jezer Mongolsko.jpg (satellite, with names of lakes)]]

The Tannu-Ola mountains form the northern border of Ubsunur Hollow. {{ill|Tere-Khol Lake|sv|Ozero Tere-Khol’|lt=Tere-Khol' Lake}}, the only freshwater lake of the basin, lies, like Uvs Lake, on the Russian-Mongolian border. The more eastern part of the Uvs Lake drainage basin extends, in the north, to the Sengilen ridge of the Sayan Mountains, and in the east, to the basin of Sangiin Dalai Lake. The southern part of the hollow is bordered by the basin of Khyargas Lake, with the Khan Khökhii mountains separating both basins of the Great Lakes Depression. More to the east, the {{ill|Bulnai mountain range|sv|Bulnayn Nuruu}} forms the southern border of Uvs Lake's drainage basin. West of the Uvs Lake Basin lies the endorheic basin of Üüreg Lake, bordered by the Altai Mountains. The {{ill|Tsagan-Shibetu ridge|sv|Khrebet Tsagan-Shibetu}} separates, in part, the Uvs and Üüreg lake basins. The south-western tip of the Uvs Lake Basin covers most of the {{ill|Türgen Uul|sv}} range, and includes the north-eastern slopes of {{ill|Harhiraa Uul|sv|lt=Harhiraa mountain}}.[http://www.discover-tuva.com/en/tuva-destination/nature-climat-geography/ubsunur-hollow Ubsunur Hollow] at {{url|http://www.discover-tuva.com}}

File:Por-Bazhyn aerial view 2007 before excavation.JPG, shortly before the 2007–2008 excavations]]

According to Greenpeace, Ubsunur Hollow counts 40,000 archaeological sites from nomadic Scythians, Turks, Huns and other tribes. A number of its archaeological artefacts remain unstudied. In Central Asia, it has the highest concentration of burial mounds, constituting around half of its archaeological sites, and many of which are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock carvings and stone sculptures remain from medieval settlements and Buddhist temples.{{cite web

|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/doc-russia-wh.html

|title=Russia's First World Heritage Site

|publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences of the Indian Institute of Science

|access-date=2018-07-09

}}{{cite web

|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/en/campaigns/world-natural-heritage/the-ubsunur-hollow

|title=Uvs Nuur Basin

|publisher=Greenpeace

|access-date=2018-07-09

}}

Archaeological searches carried out in 2007–2008 on the Por-Bazhyn ruins, which are situated on an islet in the Russian part of Tere-Khol' Lake, suggested that the enclosure was built around the middle of the second half of the 8th century, under the Uyghur Khaganate.{{cite magazine

|last1=Härke

|first1=Heinrich

|date=2010

|title=Letter from Siberia: Fortress of Solitude

|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/1011/etc/letter.html

|magazine=Archaeology

|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America

|volume=63

|issue=6

|access-date=2018-07-09

}}

Image:Mongolia Ger.jpgs]]

The population density is low in the Ubsunur Hollow. It is populated almost exclusively by the nomadic Tuvan people and cattle breeders living in yurts. The lack of industry and the reliance of the inhabitants on traditional ways of life, such as nomadic pasturing, have had little impact on the landscape and have allowed the ecosystem to remain relatively free from the negative effects that human presence can impose. Both the Russian{{cite web

|date= 3 February 2006

|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/single-view/news/the_uvs_nuur_basin_russian_mongolian_cooperation_for_conser/

|title=The Uvs Nuur Basin: Russian-Mongolian Cooperation for Conservation of World Heritage

|publisher=UNESCO

|access-date=2018-07-09

}}

and the Mongolian parts of the hollow are home to nomadic Tuvan cattle herders, who live in yurts and make up virtually all of the population.

Image:Mongolian steppe.jpg]]

Image:Uncia uncia.jpg]]

The Hollow, located on the border between Mongolia and Russia, lies at the intersection of complex ecosystems. Its area is {{Convert|10688|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web

|url = http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/uvs_nuur.htm

|title = Uvs Nuur Basin, Russian Federation (Tuva) & Mongolia

|publisher = United Nations Environment Programme

|access-date = 2008-02-05

|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070418/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/uvs_nuur.htm

|archive-date = 2008-05-10

|url-status=dead

}}

The terrain includes glaciers, desert, alpine tundra, sub alpine meadows, and a vast mountain taiga areas. There are also forested steppes, treeless steppes, semi-arid deserts, and ever shifting sand dunes. It is a diversified natural habitat, producing an interaction of Euro-Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian plant and animal life.

Due to its location on the cusp of the Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian terrains, the flora and fauna of the hollow exhibit a high biodiversity for mid-latitudes. Animal species that inhabit both mountains and tundra, such as the Siberian roe deer and Altai snowcock, flourish here. The endangered snow leopard is also present, as well as taiga dwellers such as the Caspian red deer, lynx and wolverine. Steppe dwellers include the Mongolian lark, demoiselle crane and long-tailed Siberian squirrel. Desert inhabitants include the bustard and midday gerbil. The bird species alone number some 359. Since the hollow is a protected area, many ancient species extinct in other regions have found refuge here.

File:Uvs-Nuur Hollow, Mongolia, Russia, Landsat-7 CROP.jpg

In 1993 Russia protected the Tuvan parts of Ubsunur Hollow as the Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina State Nature Biosphere Reserve.{{cite web

|url=http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/uvs-nuur.html

|access-date=2018-07-09

|title=The Uvs Nuur Basin

|website=www.nhpfund.org

}} In 1995 Greenpeace Russia prepared its proposal to nominate Ubsunur Hollow, in conjunction with Mongolia, as World Heritage Site, describing it as "one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia".

Ubsunur Hollow Biosphere Reserve is a fragile mountain hollow or depression located on the territorial border of Mongolia and the Republic of Tuva in the Russian Federation among the mountains — Tannu-Ola Mountains, and the Altay Mountains region — part of a combination of raised lands and depressions. Here the world's most northern desert meets the world's most southern tundra zone.

Ubsunur Hollow Reserve (Tuva) was awarded international Biosphere Reserve status in 1998, as a step toward protecting Southern Siberia's wilderness which contain Russia's largest intact tracts of Siberian Pine and Siberian Fir-dominated ecosystems.{{cite web

|year = 1998

|url = http://forests.org/archive/europe/sthnsib.htm

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000816065033/http://forests.org/archive/europe/sthnsib.htm

|url-status=dead

|archive-date = 2000-08-16

|title = Southern Siberia Hotspot in the Taiga

|publisher = Tiaga News

|access-date = 2008-02-05

}}

Ubsunur Hollow was nominated for inclusion in Russia's second World Heritage Site (the first being the Virgin Komi Forests) in 1995 as "one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia where up to 40,000 unexcavated burial mounds and other archaeological sites can be found from historically famous nomadic tribes such as the Scythians, the Turks and the Huns." The nomination was submitted in conjunction with the Tuva Republic and Mongolia and included 75,000 square kilometres of forest and steppe and associated cultural and natural heritage.

The Uvs Lake Basin World Heritage Site, designated as 769rev in 2003, includes:

1. Mongun Taiga, Russia ({{coord|50|12|N|90|12|E}}), west of the Uvs Lake drainage basin.
2. Ubsu-Nur, Russia ({{coord|50|37|N|93|8|E}}), area at the north-eastern tip of Uvs Lake.
3. Oroku-Shinaa, Russia ({{coord|50|37|N|94|0|E}}), northern part of the zone around the Tes River, adjacent to part 12 on the Mongolian side.
4. Aryskannyg, Russia ({{coord|50|40|N|94|44|E}}), east of the previous zone, partly in the Tannu-Ola mountains
5. Jamaalyg, Russia ({{coord|50|15|N|94|45|E}}), west of Erzin
6. Tsugeer els, Russia ({{coord|50|5|N|95|15|E}}), northern part of {{ill|Tere-Khol' Lake|sv|Ozero Tere-Khol’}}, and environs
7. Ular, Russia ({{coord|50|32|N|5|38|E}}), situated in the western part of the Sengilen ridge
8. {{ill|Tsagaan Shuvuut|sv|Tsagaan Shuvuut Uul|lt=Tsagan shuvuut}}, Mongolia ({{coord|50|19|N|91|9|E}}), part of the {{ill|Tsagan-Shibetu ridge|sv|Khrebet Tsagan-Shibetu}}
9. {{ill|Türgen Uul|sv|lt=Turgen}}, Mongolia ({{coord|49|46|N|91|22|E}}), mountain range south of Üüreg Lake, near Türgen, Uvs.
10. Uvs Lake, Mongolia ({{coord|50|20|N|92|53|E}}), bulk of the Uvs Lake zone
11. Altan els, Mongolia ({{coord|49|50|N|5|0|E}}), sand dune region south of Tere-Khol' Lake, including the Mongolian part of that lake
12. Tes River, Mongolia ({{coord|50|28|N|93|45|E}}), zone between the delta at Uvs Lake and the Russian border

• Nomad
• Tuvans

{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070920173809/http://www.isar.org/pubs/ST/RUubsunur49.html Ubsu-Nur Accepted into World Network of Biosphere Reserves]
• [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/dAUhhjX0fI4wug Uvs Nuur Basin] UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=cHTzFmOZE44C&pg=PA599 Russian Federation Legislative Survey: June 1990-December 1993]
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=p0kEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA153 Surveying the Lop Nor]
• [http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/uvs_nuur.html Uvs Nuur Basin] at Natural Heritage Protection Fund website

{{Russian Zapovedniks}}

{{World Heritage Sites in Russia}}

{{World Heritage Sites in Mongolia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uvs Nuur basin}}

Category:Mongolia–Russia border

Category:Landforms of Tuva

Category:Endorheic basins of Asia

Category:Depressions of Russia

Category:Depressions of Mongolia

Category:Biosphere reserves of Russia

Category:Biosphere reserves of Mongolia

Category:World Heritage Sites in Russia

Category:World Heritage Sites in Mongolia

Category:Zapovednik