V-2 rocket facilities of World War II

File:Air-34-184s2a.jpg was adjacent to the Luftwaffe's Peenemünde Airfield]]V-2 research was conducted at the Peenemünde Army Research Center with most Peenemünde test launches conducted from Test Stand VII. After having moved the launch training facility named "Heimat-Artillerie-Park 11 Karlshagen/Pomerania" from Köslin near Peenemünde,{{cite book |last=Klee|first=Ernst|author2=Merk, Otto |title=The Birth of the Missile |orig-date=1963 |version=English translation |year=1965|publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag|location=Hamburg|page=45}} the Training and Testing Battery 444 ({{langx|de|Lehr- und Versuchsbatterie Nr 444}}) conducted "live warhead trials"{{cite book |last=Irving|first=David|author-link=David Irving|title=The Mare's Nest|year=1964|publisher=William Kimber and Co|location=London|page=136}} from the Heidelager military area near Pustkow and Blizna, Poland, into the target area at the Pripet Marshes {{convert|200|mi|km}} to the northeast.{{cite book |last=Ley|first=Willy|author-link=Willy Ley|title=Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel|orig-date=1944 |edition=revised |year=1958 |publisher=The Viking Press|location=New York|page=230}} With the advances by the Russian armies, the Blizna testing site was evacuated on September 8, 1944, to the Heidekraut testing-ground in the Tuchola Forest in Polish Pomerania.{{cite book

|last=Garliński|first=Józef |author-link=Józef Garliński

|title=Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2

|year=1978|publisher=Times Books|location=New York

|page=169

}} In mid-January 1945, testing moved to the forests to the south of Wolgast, and then to the area of Rethun on the Weser river west of Hannover though no launches were conducted from either location.

{{cite book |last=Ordway |first= Frederick I III|author2=Sharpe, Mitchell R |title=The Rocket Team|series= Apogee Books Space Series 36|publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell|location=New York}}{{Rp|173}} Plans for production facilities at Demag-Fahrzeugwerke{{Rp|74}} in Berlin-Falkensee, Raxwerke, and the Zeppelin Works in Friedrichshafen were never completed.{{cite book |last=Neufeld|first=Michael J|title=The Rocket and the Reich|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951|url-access=registration |year=1995|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951/page/193 193]|isbn=978-0-02-922895-1}} The initial production plant at Peenemünde and the plant's forced laborers were transferred to the Mittelwerk underground plant and nearby Dora camp of KZ Dachau to produce the operational V-2 rockets. Near the Mittelwerk was a servomotor production facility in a salt mine{{Rp|}} and a quality control facility at Ilfeld.

After the Operation Hydra bombing of the Peenemünde Army Research Center, the supersonic wind tunnel was moved to Kochel{{cite book |last=Hunt|first=Linda|title=Secret Agenda |year=1991|publisher=St.Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0-312-05510-2|page=31}} and engine testing and calibration was moved to Lehesten. Near the end of World War II in Europe, Peenemünde scientists were evacuated to the Alpine Fortress ({{langx|de|Alpenfestung}}) A research and test facility planned since early 1944 in the Austrian Alps (under the codename Salamander) were never implemented; the target areas would have been in the Tatra Mountains, the Arlberg range, and the area of the Ortler mountain. V-2 rocket documents and drawings were hidden in a mine at Dörnten (14 tons{{Clarify|tons? of what?|date=May 2011}} from Peenemünde) and buried at Bad Sachsa (260 lbs from Walter Dornberger's headquarters at Schwedt-an-der-Oder).

File:The_Crossbow_network_january_1944.jpg

Initial plans for large launch bunkers at Watten and Wizernes with a radar station at Prédefin{{Rp|182}} were abandoned due to the Allied bombing targeted against them. Additional plans for small launch bunkers such as at Thiennes on the edge of the Foret de la Nieppe, at Rauville, and at Colombières near Trévières; as well as for exposed concrete pads (39 north of the Somme and 6 in Western Normandy){{cite book |last=Collier|first=Basil|title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945 |orig-date=1964 |year=1976|publisher=The Emfield Press|location=Yorkshire|isbn=0-7057-0070-4 |pages=64, 67}} were switched to use firings from mobile launch platforms instead. Mobile launching sites included the Haagse Bos and the Duindigt Racecourse at The Hague.

Eight main storage dumps were planned and four had been completed by July 1944. These were all captured before being used. The storage depot at Mery-sur-Oise was bombed on August 2, 1944.{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://grotteur.skyrock.com/1328873716-Bombardement-de-Mery-sur-Oise-le-2-aout-1944.html&ei=5HksTf-3JYORnwegjLmMDQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DMery-sur-Oise%2B1944%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divns|title = Bombardement alliée de Méry sur Oise le 2 août 1944|date = 6 November 2007}} Work had been started in August 1943 and completed by February 1944;{{cite web|url=http://www.allworldwars.com/V-Weapons%20Crossbow%20Campaign.html |title=V-Weapons Crossbow Campaign |publisher=Allworldwars.com |access-date=2010-04-27}} and the depots (including those at Bergueneuse and Villiers-Adam) included "service buildings for testing V2 sub-assemblies in the vertical position".{{cite book |last=Henshall|title=Hitler's Rocket Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersrocketsit00hens|url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=St Martin's Press|pages=64c,64d,144b|isbn=978-0-312-38822-5}} Testing of production motors at the Southern Works was originally conducted in late 1943 at Oberraderach near Friedrichshafen,{{Rp|95}} but was shut down shortly after going into operation because firings were visible from Switzerland across Lake Constance.{{Rp|207}} Raxwerke motor testing equipment was eventually moved to the Redl-Zipf facility in central Austria, which used forced labor of the Schlier-Redl-Zipf{{Rp|207}} subcamp of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.

Liquid oxygen supply had been identified as the bottleneck that would limit the number of rockets that could be launched as early as August 1941 by military planners.{{Rp|142}} As the rocket campaign started in early September 1944 liquid oxygen was produced at five sites: underground installations at the Redl-Zipf (5 machines generating ca. 300 tons/month) and Lehesten (9 machines) rocket engine test facilities, an old mine in Wittring/Sarreguemines (5 machines), an old steel plant in Liège Tilleur (5 machines) and the Oberraderach test site (4 machines). The factories were operated using KZ slave labor. Original plans had also included liquid oxygen production in the Watten and Wizernes bunker complexes but machines were taken out and construction work ceased in July 1944 after repeated Allied bombings. From October 1944 liquid oxygen for operations was also sourced from the two production sites in Peenemünde (4 machines). Liège was liberated by the Allies on 8 September, the Wittring site in early December 1944. The oxygen machines were taken out to be installed at the Lehesten site and at the Mittelwerk underground factory. At the end of the V-2 campaign in early March 1945 liquid oxygen was supplied from Oberraderach, Lehesten, Redl-Zipf and opportunistically in small quantities from local producers as the transport infrastructure collapsed.{{cite journal|last=Schmundt-Thomas|first=Georg|date=May 2024|title='A-Stoff Anlagen': die Versorgung mit flüssigem Sauerstoff im deutschen Fernraketen Programm 1931-45|journal=ScienceOpen Preprints|doi=10.14293/PR2199.000876.v1 |doi-access=free }}

Plants at La Louviere, Torte, and Willebroeck also were targets of allied bombing.{{cite web |last=McKillop |first=Jack |url=http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |title=Combat Chronology of the USAAF |access-date=2007-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610115615/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |archive-date=2007-06-10 }}
1943:

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/aug43.htm August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182006/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/aug43.htm |date=2009-02-12 }}

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/sep43.htm September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103429/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/sep43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }}

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/oct43.htm October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531191604/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/oct43.htm |date=2012-05-31 }}

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/nov43.htm November] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101956/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/nov43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }}

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/dec43.htm December] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007025927/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/dec43.htm |date=2006-10-07 }}
1944:

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/jan44.htm January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104025/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/jan44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/mar44.htm March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104458/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/mar44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103512/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/sep44.htm September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213065727/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/sep44.htm |date=2009-02-13 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/oct44.htm October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201338/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/oct44.htm |date=2010-03-07 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/nov44.htm November] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104529/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/nov44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/dec44.htm December] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102831/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/dec44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }}
1945:

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/jan45.htm January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216135327/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/jan45.htm |date=2009-02-16 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/feb45.htm February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929142523/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/feb45.htm |date=2013-09-29 }},

[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/mar45.htm March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602071111/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/mar45.htm |date=2013-06-02 }}

The materials and parts for the V-2 were drawn from several suppliers.

• Berlin-Lichtenberg plant of Siemens Planiawerke (blanks for exhaust steering vanes)
• Meitingen plant of Siemens Planiawerke, near Augsburg (vane graphitizing & machining).{{cite book |last=Kennedy|first= Gregory P.|title=Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile|year=1983 |publisher= Smithsonian Institution Press|location= Washington DC|page=80}}{{Rp|80}}
• Voss Works at Sarstedt (nose cone){{Rp|136}}
• Linke-Hoffman-Busch-Werke AG in Breslau (combustion chambers)
• Weimar{{Rp|141}} near the Buchenwald camp (electrical parts){{Rp|228}}
• WUMAG Abt. Maschineenbau (Heinkel factory) in Jenbach (turbopump and steam generator)
• Marienthal railway tunnel at Rebstock (electrical wiring and harnesses, Meillerwagen){{Rp|100}}
• Petsamo, Finland (nickel in the 9% nickel steel for the low temp LOX tanks and pipes){{Rp|32}}

• V-1 flying bomb facilities
• Bombing of Mimoyecques during World War II

{{Reflist|26em}}

{{V-weapons}}

{{WWII Operation Crossbow}}

01

Category:Rocket launch sites in Germany

Category:World War II sites of Nazi Germany

Category:Operation Crossbow