V4 engine

Some V4 engines have two crankpins that are shared by opposing cylinders. The crankshaft is usually supported by three main bearings in this type of engines. However this arrangement results an uneven firing engine. Split crankpins are preferred for even firing intervals.

Compared to the more common inline-four engine layout, a V4 engine is much shorter. Although different V angles can be used, if the two pistons are at a 90° V-angle with shared crankpins, the engine also achieves a perfect primary balance and offers the additional advantage of better secondary balance that reduces vibration.{{cite web|last=Dusil |first=Tomáš |title=Automobilový vidlicový čtyřválec (V4): Proč se skoro nepoužívá? |url= http://www.auto.cz/automobilovy-vidlicovy-ctyrvalec-v4-proc-se-skoro-nepouziva-106584 |website=Auto.cz |language=cs |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=20 March 2018}} The shorter crankshaft of the V4 engine is less susceptible to the effects of torsional vibration due to its increased stiffness and also because of fewer supports suffers less friction losses.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Disadvantages of V4 engines include its design being inherently wider compared to inline-4 engines, as well as the requirement of two exhaust manifolds, two-cylinder heads, and two valvetrains (thus needing two sets of camshafts for overhead cam engines) rather than only one cylinder head, one manifold, one valvetrain, and one set of camshafts for an inline-four engine.{{cite web|last=Torchinsky |first=Jason |title=Why Are V4 Engines So Rare? |url= https://jalopnik.com/why-are-v4-engines-so-rare-1792917763 |work=Jalopnik |access-date=20 March 2018}} Having two separate banks of components increases cost and complexity in comparison with inline four engines.

Because V4 engines are wider than inline-four engines, incorporating auxiliary drives, inlet systems, and exhaust systems while maintaining an overall compact size may be more difficult like other V-type engines. In order to reduce width, a narrower V-angle could be utilized, such as 60 degrees. Although a 60° V4 is more compact than a 90° V4 engine, the 60° design does not have perfect primary balance (if the crankpins are not split) and, therefore, often require a balance shaft to reduce vibrations similar to the V6 engines. Additionally, any (four-stroke) V4 engine with shared crankpins will fire unevenly which will result in more vibration and potentially require a heavier flywheel. Using split crankpins in a 60° V4, as used on the Ford Essex V4 engine and Ford Taunus V4 engines, results in an even firing order.

File:ZAZ-965AE Engine.JPG aircooled V4]]

File:Fuoriserie 2014 131.JPG ]]

File:1974 Saab Sonett III engine (Lime Rock).jpg (in a Saab Sonett III)]]

The earliest automotive use of V4 engines were in Grand Prix racing (later called 'Formula One') cars. One of the pioneering V4 engines was in the 1898 Mors rear-engined car built in France.{{cite web |title=Grand Prix Cars - Mors 60 HP |url= http://www.grandprixhistory.org/mors60.htm |website=grandprixhistory.org |access-date=7 December 2019}}{{cite web |title=MORS |url= http://www.brighton-early.com/mors.html |website=brighton-early.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041209153244/http://www.brighton-early.com/mors.html |archive-date=9 December 2004 |url-status=dead}} At the time, the lack of vibration from the V4 engine was a key selling point.{{cite journal |title=The Mors Motor-Car |journal=The Automotor and Horseless Carriage Journal |date=March 1897 |pages= 272–273}} However, the car's V4 engine was replaced by a conventional inline-four engine by 1901.

In the 1907 French Grand Prix, the car entered by J. Walter Christie used a {{convert|19891|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} V4 engine, the largest engine ever used in a Grand Prix race.{{cite web|title=Top 10, motores V4 como el de Porsche en Le Mans |url= http://revistacar.es/top-10-motores-v4/ |website=revistacar.es |language=es-ES |date=17 July 2017 |access-date=20 March 2018}} The engine was mounted transversely in the front and the car was front-wheel drive. The car retired from the French Grand Prix after just four laps, however, it later set a speed record of {{convert|164|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |title=Walters V4 |url= https://www.klassiker.nu/reportage/walters-v4 |website=klassiker.nu |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=sv |date=30 October 2018}}

The first V4 engine used in production cars was the Lancia V4 engine that was first used in the 1922 Lancia Lambda.{{cite journal|title=100 Years of Motoring |journal=The Motor |date=25 May 1985 |page=52 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=22NWAAAAMAAJ&q=A+narrow-angle+V4+engine+plus+sliding+pillar+independent+front+suspension+also+found+a+place+in+the+Lambda,+though+Lancia |access-date=20 March 2018}} The Lancia engine was a narrow-angle design with an angle of 20 degrees between the banks and a single cylinder head with one overhead camshaft shared by both banks. It also used aluminium for both the block and head (which was unusual for the time). Lancia produced V4 engines until 1976, when they were replaced by flat-four engines.

The 1960–1994 ZAZ Zaporozhets is a Soviet city-type car that used a rear-mounted V4 engine. This engine was based on the design used in the LuAZ-967 amphibious military vehicle. It featured air-cooling with a magnesium block and was produced in displacements from {{convert|0.7|-|1.2|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite book|last=Baldwin |first=Nick |title=The World guide to automobile manufacturers |year=1987 |publisher=Facts on File Publications |isbn=9780816018444 |page=530 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iJa1AAAAIAAJ&q=the+original+ZAZ-965+had+a+rear-mounted+746cc+V4+engine+and+a+monocoque+two-door |access-date=20 March 2018}}

The AMC Air-cooled 108 was a {{convert|108|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} engine built from 1960 to 1963 for use in the lightweight M422 Mighty Mite military vehicle.{{cite web|url= http://www.4wdonline.com/Mil/M422/MightyMite.html |title=Mighty Mite M422 |publisher=4WD Online |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065812/http://www.4wdonline.com/Mil/M422/MightyMite.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=20 March 2018}}{{cite web|last=Morr |first=Tom |title=1961 AMC M422A1 Mighty Mite - Tin Soldier |url= http://www.fourwheeler.com/features/131-1301-1961-amc-m422a1-mighty-mite/ |publisher=Four Wheeler Network |date=1 January 2013 |access-date=20 March 2018}} The M422 developed was by American Motors Corporation (AMC) in the United States and specifically designed to be transported by helicopter.{{cite web |title=AMC M422 Mighty Mite Jeep (1959-62) |url= https://motor-car.net/amc/item/14085-m422-mighty-mite |website=motor-car.net |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en-gb}}{{cite web |title=Ranking The Best And Weirdest Engines Ever Made By Jeep |url= https://autowise.com/the-best-jeep-engines-ever-produced/ |website=autowise.com |access-date=7 December 2019}}

Beginning in the 1960s, Ford's European divisions produced two unrelated V4 engines.{{cite web|title=Obsolete Engines 101: The Mythical "V4" |url= http://www.carthrottle.com/obsolete-engines-101-the-mythical-v4/ |work=Car Throttle |access-date=19 July 2012 |date=10 September 2009}} The first was the Ford Taunus V4 engine, produced in Germany from 1962 to 1981. The Taunus was a 60-degree V4 engine with water cooling and overhead valves. Initially designed for use in front-engined cars, it was used in various Ford models and also used in the front-wheel-drive Saab 95, Saab 96, and Saab Sonett models. It was also used in the mid-engine Matra 530 sports car.{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Lance |title=SAAB 99 & 900: The Complete Story |year=2011 |publisher=Crowood |isbn=9781847973528 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DaR8AwAAQBAJ&dq=The+V4+engine,+ideal+for+the+96,+was+boughtinfrom+Ford&pg=PT26 |access-date=20 March 2018}}{{cite journal |last=McCourt |first=Mark J. |title=1971 Saab 96 V4: A Ford-sourced engine gave this Swede a new lease on life |journal=Hemmings Motor News |date=December 2017 |url= https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hmn/2017/12/1971-Saab-96-V4/3751355.html |access-date=20 March 2018}}{{cite book |last=Henshaw |first=Peter |title=Sports Cars: 500 Series |year=2004 |publisher=MBI Publishing |isbn=9780760319956 |page=178 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRRP7AyFwwYC&dq=The+MS530+looked+good,+and+was+powered+by+Ford%27s+compact+1.5+liter+V4+engine&pg=PA178 |access-date=20 March 2018}} The second Ford V4 engine was the Ford Essex V4 engine, produced in the United Kingdom from 1965 to 1977 and used in several Ford Corsair, Capri, Consul, Zephyr, and Transit models.{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Peter |title=Ford Transit: Fifty Years |year=2015 |publisher=Crowood |isbn=9781847978745 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CbbzCQAAQBAJ&dq=revolutionary+V4+engines+Transit&pg=PT81 |access-date=20 March 2018}} Although designed separately from the Taunus engine, the Essex also was a 60-degree V4 with water cooling, overhead valves, and designed for use in front-engined cars/vans.

The Porsche 919 Hybrid LMP1 racing car used in the 2014–2017 seasons used a {{convert|2.0|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 90-degree turbocharged V4 engine that was mid-mounted.{{cite web |title=Porsche starts in Le Mans with four works cars|url= http://www.porsche.com/uk/aboutporsche/pressreleases/pag/?pool=international-de&id=25E069745942CA3DC1257C7D00456E75|work=Porsche AG|access-date=16 February 2014|date=13 January 2014}}

File:VMAX day 2009. Engine cutaway, side.jpg cutaway view]]

{{See also|List of motorcycles by type of engine #V-four}}

One of the first motorcycles powered by a V4 engine was the 1931–1935 Matchless Silver Hawk built in the United Kingdom.{{cite web |last1=Hodgson |first1=Martin |title=1930 Matchless Silver Hawk |url= https://www.pipeburn.com/1930-matchless-silver-hawk/ |publisher=Pipeburn |date=17 June 2016 |access-date=19 March 2021}} The Silver Hawk used a narrow-angle 16-degree V4 engine with a single cylinder head, pushrod valve actuation, and air cooling.

The 1936–1938 Puch P800 was built in Austria for both civilian and military uses.{{cite web |title=Austrian Motorcycles |url= https://cybermotorcycle.com/marques/puch/puch-p800.htm |work=Classic Motorcycles by Sheldon's Emu |access-date=8 December 2019 |language=es}} The P800 used a very wide-angle 170-degree V4 engine (therefore being close in appearance to a flat-four engine) with two cylinder heads and air cooling.{{cite web |title=Puch P800 |url= https://motos-of-war.ru/en/motorcycles/puch-p800/ |website=motos-of-war.ru |access-date=8 December 2019}}

V4 engines were used during the mid-to-late 1980s, especially in transverse-engined Honda motorcycles that had a 90-degree V4 engine with water cooling.{{cite web|title=Historical V4's|url= http://www.hondanews.com/channels/historical-v4-s/photos/1984-honda-vf1000r |work=Honda Media Newsroom |publisher=American Honda Motor |access-date=17 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223124017/http://www.hondanews.com/channels/historical-v4-s/photos/1984-honda-vf1000r |archive-date=23 February 2014}}

The majority MotoGP manufacturers chose the V4 configuration for their bikes since 2020. These include:

• Honda RC213V
• Ducati Desmosedici
• KTM RC16
• Aprilia - 90° V4 for the 2020 season

The reasons for this are that compared to traditional firing order inline four engines, V4 engines

• are narrower, resulting in a narrower and more aerodynamic motorcycle possibly with a lower center of gravity
• offer better rear wheel traction management during acceleration because of uneven firing that gives the rear tire more time to recover during pauses between power strokes
• have better secondary balance which results in better feedback from the engine especially at high RPM
• offer more even spread of torque over the RPM range

Another use of the V4 engine is in outboard motors for boats. The V4 configuration is popular for outboard marine applications due to its short engine length.

In 1958, both Johnson and Evinrude introduced {{convert|70.7|CID|cc|0|abbr=on}} V4 outboards rated at {{convert|50|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and weighing {{convert|200|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=Clifford B. |title=Big News for Boaters: the V4 outboard engine |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=October 1957 |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=140–142 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x-EDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Big+News+for+Boaters+The+V4+outboard+engine&pg=PA140 |access-date=26 February 2021}} By 1972, the same basic V4 block was producing more than double the horsepower in stock form because of the experience manufacturers gained from racing.{{cite journal |last1=Roe |first1=Jim |title=New Outboards |journal=Popular Science |date=February 1972 |volume=200 |issue=2 |page=146 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IxqcYRVu67sC&dq=V4+outboard+motor&pg=PA146 |access-date=26 February 2021}} In 1988, Yamaha introduced a {{convert|130|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} two-stroke V4 to the US market with what was called "precision blend" oil injection.{{cite journal |last1=Skorupa |first1=Joe |title=Outdoors: Yamaka stirs up the waterways |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=April 1988 |volume=165 |issue=4 |pages=38, 40 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=V4+outboard+motor&pg=PA38 |access-date=26 February 2021}} Most of the outboard motors are usually two-stroke engines with a carburetor.

In 1935, the Wisconsin Motor Manufacturing Company began producing petrol (gasoline) V4 engines for industrial, agricultural, and stationary applications,{{cite web|url= http://www.wisconsinmotorscanada.ca/whistoryearly.html |title=Early History Of The Wisconsin Motor Company |first=David |last=Swanson |work=Wisconsin Motors Canada |year=2003 |access-date=14 January 2016}} with several farm equipment manufacturers using the Wisconsin V4 engines.{{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ReIzAQAAIAAJ&q=Wisconsin+Motors+V4+engine |page=415 |title=Wisconsin Motors advertisement |journal=Product Engineering |volume=32 |year=1961 |access-date=14 January 2016}} In 1950, the largest Wisconsin V4 engine was the VR4D with a displacement of {{convert|255|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} and a power output of {{convert|56.5|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3000 rpm and a peak torque of {{convert|162|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 1250 rpm.{{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r0lWAAAAMAAJ&q=Wisconsin+Motors+air+cooled+V4+engine |title=Wisconsin Motors Corp. |page=64 |journal=Automotive Industries |volume=138 |year=1968 |access-date=14 January 2016}} The company produced V4 engines until 2019.{{cite web |title=Engine: W4-1770 |url= http://www.wiengines.com/product/5 |website=wiengines.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190217110740/http://www.wiengines.com/product/5 |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}

In the mid-1940s, Turner Manufacturing in the United Kingdom produced a diesel water-cooled V4 engine for industrial and marine uses. This engine was used in the 1949–1957 Turner Yeoman of England tractor.{{cite web |title=Yeoman of England Tractors |url= http://turnermanufacturing.org.uk/yeoman-of-england-tractors |publisher=Turner Manufacturing |access-date=19 March 2021}}

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries built the 4ZF, an air-cooled diesel-powered V4 engine used in the Type 73 armored personnel carrier and related Japanese military vehicles since 1973.{{Cite web |title=Type 75 - Multiple launch rocket system |url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/type_75_mlrs.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080120075507if_/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/type_75_mlrs.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date= January 20, 2008 |access-date=8 December 2019}}{{cite web |title=Type 75 MLRS 130mm Multiple-Launch Rocket System - Japan |url= https://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=719 |website=militaryfactory.com |access-date=8 December 2019}}

• Flat-four engine

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline|V4 engines}}

{{Piston engine configurations}}

{{Authority control}}

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