VALCRI

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Visual Analytics for Sense-making in Criminal Intelligence Analysis (VALCRI) is a software tool that helps investigators to find related or relevant information in several criminal databases.[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23431254-000-ai-detective-analyses-police-data-to-learn-how-to-crack-cases/ AI detective analyses police data to learn how to crack cases]{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}[https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188614_en.html Visual Analytics for Sense-making in CRiminal Intelligence analysis]{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}} The software uses big data processes to aggregate information from a wide array of different sources and formats and compiles it into visual and readable arrangements for users.{{Cite web|last=Schlehahn|first=Eva|date=2017|title=The Operationalisation of Transparency in VALCRI|url=http://valcri.org/our-content/uploads/2017/02/VALCRI-WP-2017-005-Transparency.pdf}} It is used by various law enforcement agencies and aims to allow officials to utilize statistical information in their operations and strategy.[https://cordis.europa.eu/news/rcn/128452_en.html Improvements to machine-intelligence will improve accuracy and speed up police investigations] The project is funded by the European Commission and is led by Professor William Wong at Middlesex University.

Features

= Automatic search =

VALCRI can automatically search numerous databases using dedicated search engines. Previously, investigators would need to employ an average of 73 SQL queries and wait up to three days to find the right cases.[https://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/218541_en.html Visual analytics for brighter criminal intelligence]{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}} The tool utilizes machine learning mechanisms to screen through masses of unstructured data to identify similarities between cases, and performs associative searching to comes up with reports based on the search criteria of users.{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Final Report Summary - VALCRI (Visual Analytics for Sense-making in CRiminal Intelligence analysis)|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/608142/reporting}}

= Data visualization =

VALCRI can present data and information in visual formats such as maps, timelines, dispersion diagrams, and process charts.{{Cite book|last1=Anslow|first1=Craig|last2=Rooney|first2=Chris|last3=Kodagoda|first3=Neesha|last4=Wong|first4=William|title=Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Interactive Tabletops & Surfaces - ITS '15 |chapter=Police Analyst Workstation |date=2015|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2817721.2823498|pages=307–311 |location=New York, New York, USA|publisher=ACM Press|doi=10.1145/2817721.2823498|isbn=978-1-4503-3899-8|s2cid=2002596 }} This creates an analyst dashboard that is designed to be integrated within the workforce and allow for investigative reasoning based on database information. The visualizations are interactive and encourage cooperative input from human analysis.

VALCRI also employs algorithms such as PCA, MDS, and t-SNE to embed data points into graphical representations.{{Cite journal|last=Wolfgang|first=Jentner|date=2018|title=Making machine intelligence less scary for criminal analysts: reflections on designing a visual comparative case analysis tool|journal=The Visual Computer|volume=34|issue=9 |pages=1225–1241|doi=10.1007/s00371-018-1483-0 |s2cid=3342538 |url=https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/23484/1/main.pdf }} This feature allows for the statistical and mathematical calculation of similarity and correlation levels between different crime data sets through different algorithmic models which each have their own strengths and weaknesses.{{Cite web|last=Sacha|first=Dominik|date=February 2017|title=Applying Visual Interactive Dimensionality Reduction to Criminal Intelligence Analysis|url=https://bib.dbvis.de/uploadedFiles/VALCRIWP2017011InteractiveVisualDimensionReduction.pdf}}

Concerns

= Legal and ethical challenges =

During the development of VALCRI, an Independent Ethics Board (IEB) and Security, Privacy, and Legal Group (SEPL) was created to monitor potential ethical challenges and roadblocks that the project would introduce.{{Cite book|last=Duquenoy|first=P.|title=Societal Implications of Community-Oriented Policing and Technology |date=2018|chapter=Addressing Ethical Challenges of Creating New Technology for Criminal Investigation: The VALCRI Project|series=SpringerBriefs in Criminology |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-89297-9_4 |isbn=978-3-319-89296-2 |s2cid=169570412 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-89297-9_4}} With the specialists in these boards, there were numerous concerns that were identified in respect to potential ethics and legality issues.

One issue that was identified by these boards was potential complications with human privacy.{{Citation|last1=Marquenie|first1=Thomas|title=Operationalization of Information Security through Compliance with Directive 2016/680 in Law Enforcement Technology and Practice|date=2019-10-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781780688909.005|work=Security and Law|pages=97–128|publisher=Intersentia|isbn=978-1-78068-890-9|access-date=2020-11-03|last2=Quezada|first2=Katherine|doi=10.1017/9781780688909.005 |s2cid=213698899 |url-access=subscription}} With the advent of a comprehensive database system that would be able to share billions of different data points for law enforcement, VALCRI faces potential roadblocks in navigating through different regional policies and laws regarding data privacy and security. This potential issue has been addressed in VALCRI by creating a dedicated group supervising data management policy in the software.{{Cite web|last=Marquenie|first=Thomas|date=2017|title=Data analytics in a police context–addressing legal issues in VALCRI|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1711892?limo=0}}

= Cognitive and sense-making bias =

VALCRI's data analysis capabilities offer criminal analysts a wider set of data points to base their conclusions on. Vienna University of Technology's research based on 120 case studies introduces the risk of cognitive and sense-making bias playing a significant role in influencing the conclusions that law enforcement agents draw, based on the visualizations provided by VALCRI.{{Cite book|last=Pohl|first=Margit|title=2014 IEEE Joint Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference |date=2014|chapter=Sensemaking and Cognitive Bias Mitigation in Visual Analytics|page=323 |doi=10.1109/JISIC.2014.68 |isbn=978-1-4799-6364-5 |s2cid=1758913 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6975606}} These risks can be mitigated in VALCRI by redesigning machine learning models and implementing de-biasing mechanisms such as Klein's data frame model so that it becomes easier to identify cognitive bias and adjust analysis objectives based on the findings.