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VNI#VNI Input Method

{{Short description|Software Company}}

{{For-multi|the biomolecule|VNI (biomolecule)|the computer network topic|Virtual network interface}}

VNI Software Company is a developer of various education, entertainment, office, and utility software packages. They are known for developing an encoding (VNI encoding) and a popular input method (VNI Input) for Vietnamese on for computers. VNI is often available on computer systems to type Vietnamese, alongside TELEX input method as well. The most common pairing is the use of VNI on keyboard and computers, whilst TELEX is more common on phones or touchscreens.

History

The VNI company is a family-owned company and based in Westminster, California. It was founded in 1987 by Hồ Thành Việt to develop software that eases Vietnamese language use on computers. Among their products were the VNI Encoding and VNI Input Method. The VNI Input Method has since grown to become the top two most popular input methods for Vietnamese, alongside TELEX which is more advantageous for phones and touchscreens whilst VNI has found more use on keyboard computer systems.

=VNI vs. Microsoft=

In the 1990s, Microsoft recognized the potential of VNI's products and incorporated VNI Input Method into Windows 95 Vietnamese Edition and MSDN, in use worldwide.

Upon Microsoft's unauthorized use of these technologies, VNI took Microsoft to court over the matter. Microsoft settled the case out of court, withdrew the input method from their entire product line, and developed their own input method. It has, although virtually unknown, appeared in every Windows release since Windows 98.{{Cite web|title=Typing Vietnamese, Part 2: The Vietnamese Diaspora, Unicode and the Ubiquity of Unikey {{!}} Saigoneer|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-technology/14055-typing-vietnamese,-part-2-the-vietnamese-diaspora,-unicode-and-the-ubiquity-of-unikey|access-date=2021-04-14|website=saigoneer.com|language=en-gb}}

Starting with Windows 10 version 1903, the VNI Input Method (as "Vietnamese Number Key-based"), along with the Telex input method, are now natively supported.{{Cite news|date=2018-10-25|title=Hãy thử gõ tiếng Việt với bộ gõ Telex và Number-key based mới nào!|url=https://news.microsoft.com/vi-vn/2018/10/25/hay-thu-go-tieng-viet-voi-bo-go-telex-va-number-key-based-moi-nao/}}

=Unicode=

Despite the growing popularity of Unicode in computing, the VNI Encoding (see below) is still in wide use by Vietnamese speakers both in Vietnam and abroad. All professional printing facilities in the Little Saigon neighborhood of Orange County, California continue to use the VNI Encoding when processing Vietnamese text. For this reason, print jobs submitted using the VNI Character Set are compatible with local printers.

Input methods

VNI invented, popularized, and commercialized an input method and an encoding, the VNI Character Set, to assist computer users entering Vietnamese on their computers. The user can type using only ASCII characters found on standard computer keyboard layouts. Because the Vietnamese alphabet uses a complex system of diacritics for tones and other letters of the Vietnamese alphabet, the keyboard would need 133 alphanumeric keys and a Shift key to cover all possible characters.{{Cite web|title=Typing Vietnamese, Part 2: The Vietnamese Diaspora, Unicode and the Ubiquity of Unikey {{!}} Saigoneer|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-technology/14055-typing-vietnamese,-part-2-the-vietnamese-diaspora,-unicode-and-the-ubiquity-of-unikey|access-date=2021-04-14|website=saigoneer.com|language=en-gb}}

=VNI Input Method=

Originally, VNI's input method utilized function keys (F1, F2, ...) to enter the tone marks, which later turned out to be problematic, as the operating system used those keys for other purposes. VNI then turned to the numerical keys along the top of the keyboard (as opposed to the numpad) for entering tone marks. This arrangement survives today, but users also have the option of customizing the keys used for tone marks.

File:Maitran.us-nutdau.png allowing one-click access to Vietnamese diacritical marks]]

With VNI Tan Ky mode on, the user can type in diacritical marks anywhere within a word, and the marks will appear at their proper locations. For example, the word trường, which means 'school', can be typed in the following ways:

  • truong-7-2 → {{lang|vi|trường}} (most conventional way)
  • 72truong → {{lang|vi|trường}}
  • t72ruong → {{lang|vi|trường}}
  • tr72uong → {{lang|vi|trường}}
  • tru7o72ng → {{lang|vi|trường}}
  • truo72ng → {{lang|vi|trường}}
  • truo7ng2 → {{lang|vi|trường}}

The first way is the conventional method, following handwriting and spelling convention, where the base is written first ({{not a typo|truong}}) and then the tonal marks added later one by one.

=VNI Tan Ky=

With the release of VNI Tan Ky 4 in the 1990s, VNI freed users from having to remember where to correctly insert tone marks within a word, because, as long as the user enters all the required characters and tone marks, the software will group them correctly. This feature is especially useful for newcomers to the language.

=VNI Auto Accent=

VNI Auto Accent is the company's most recent software release (2006), with the purpose of alleviating repetitive strain injury (RSI) caused by prolonged use of computer keyboards. Auto Accent helps reduce the number of keystrokes needed to type each word by automatically adding diacritical marks for the user. The user must still enter every base letter in the word.

{{anchor|VNI Encoding}}Character encodings

=VNI Encoding (Windows/Unix)=

The VNI Encoding uses up to two bytes to represent one Vietnamese vowel character, with the second byte supplying additional diacritical marks, therefore removing the need to replace control characters with Vietnamese characters, a problematic system found in TCVN1 (VSCII-1) and in VISCII, or using two different fonts such as is sometimes employed for TCVN3 (VSCII-3), one containing lowercase characters and the other uppercase characters. A similar approach is taken by Windows-1258 and VSCII-2.

This solution is more portable between different versions of Windows and between different platforms. However, due to the presence of multiple characters in a file to represent one written character increases the file size. The increased file size can usually be accounted for by compressing the data into a file format such as ZIP.

The VNI encoding was used extensively in the south of Vietnam, and sometimes used overseas, while TCVN 5712 was dominant in the north.{{cite web |url=http://winvnkey.sourceforge.net/some-special-functions-of-winvnkey.htm#Why_having_Vietnamese_charset_conversion |title=5. Why Having Vietnamese Charset (Character Set – Encoding) Conversion? |work=Some special functions of WinVNKey |first1=Hoc Dinh |last1=Ngo |first2=TuBinh |last2=Tran}}

Points 0x00 through 0x7F follow ASCII.

{{chset-table-header1|VNI "ANSI" Encoding (Windows/Unix){{cite web |url=http://vietunicode.sourceforge.net/charset/ |title=Unicode & Vietnamese Legacy Character Encodings |work=Vietnamese Unicode FAQs}}{{cite web |url=http://vietunicode.sourceforge.net/charset/vni.html |title=VNI Character Sets |work=Vietnamese Unicode FAQs}}}}
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{{legend|#FEE|Combining marks for upper-case letters, others are for lower-case}}

=VNI Encoding for Macintosh=

A version intended for use on Macintosh systems, with a different arrangement (corresponding to the different arrangement between Windows-1252 and Mac OS Roman).

{{chset-table-header1|VNI "Mac" Encoding (Macintosh)}}
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|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0302|U+0302 COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|◌̂|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0306|U+0306 COMBINING BREVE|◌̆|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|U+0302 COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT, U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT|◌̂́|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|U+0323 COMBINING DOT BELOW, U+0306 COMBINING BREVE|◌̣̆|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|U+0306 COMBINING BREVE, U+0300 COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT|◌̆̀|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00CD|U+00CD LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE| Í}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF4|U+1EF4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW|Ỵ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0323|U+0323 COMBINING DOT BELOW|◌̣|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00CC|U+00CC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE| Ì}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0128|U+0128 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE| Ĩ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=01A0|U+01A0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN| Ơ}}

{{chset-left1|Fx}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ECA|U+1ECA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW| Ị}}

|{{chset-cell1|U+0306 COMBINING BREVE, U+0309 COMBINING HOOK ABOVE|◌̆̉|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0309|U+0309 COMBINING HOOK ABOVE|◌̉|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0301|U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT|◌́|style=background:#FEE}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

|{{chset-cell1

|style=background:#DDD}}

{{legend|#FEE|Diacritic characters used for uppercase vowels (others are for lowercase vowels)}}

=VNI Encoding for DOS=

The VNI encoding for use on DOS does not use separate characters for diacritics, instead replacing certain ASCII punctuation characters with tone-marked uppercase letters (compare ISO 646).

{{chset-table-header1|VNI "ASCII" Encoding (DOS)}}
{{chset-left1|0x}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+0 U+0000 NULL|NUL}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+1 U+0001 START OF HEADING|SOH}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+2 U+0002 START OF TEXT|STX}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+3 U+0003 END OF TEXT|ETX}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+4 U+0004 END OF TRANSMISSION|EOT}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+5 U+0005 ENQUIRY|ENQ}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+6 U+0006 ACKNOWLEDGE|ACK}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+7 U+0007 BELL|BEL}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+8 U+0008 BACKSPACE|BS}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+9 U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION|HT}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+10 U+000A LINE FEED (LF)|LF}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+11 U+000B LINE TABULATION|VT}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+12 U+000C FORM FEED (FF)|FF}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+13 U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)|CR}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+14 U+000E SHIFT OUT|SO}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+15 U+000F SHIFT IN|SI}}

{{chset-left1|1x}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+16 U+0010 DATA LINK ESCAPE|DLE}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+17 U+0011 DEVICE CONTROL ONE|DC1}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+18 U+0012 DEVICE CONTROL TWO|DC2}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+19 U+0013 DEVICE CONTROL THREE|DC3}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+20 U+0014 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|DC4}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+21 U+0015 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|NAK}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+22 U+0016 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|SYN}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+23 U+0017 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|ETB}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+24 U+0018 CANCEL|CAN}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+25 U+0019 END OF MEDIUM|EM}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+26 U+001A SUBSTITUTE|SUB}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+27 U+001B ESCAPE|ESC}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+28 U+001C INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR|FS}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+29 U+001D INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE|GS}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+30 U+001E INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO|RS}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+31 U+001F INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE|US}}

{{chset-left1|2x}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+32 U+0020 SPACE| SP }}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+33 U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK|!}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+34 U+0022 QUOTATION MARK|"}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+35 U+0023 NUMBER SIGN|#}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+36 U+0024 DOLLAR SIGN|$}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+37 U+0025 PERCENT SIGN|%}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+38 U+0026 AMPERSAND|&}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+39 U+0027 APOSTROPHE|'}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+40 U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS|(}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+41 U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS|)}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+42 U+002A ASTERISK|*}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+43 U+002B PLUS SIGN|+}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+44 U+002C COMMA|,}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+45 U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS

}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+46 U+002E FULL STOP|.}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+47 U+002F SOLIDUS|/}}

{{chset-left1|3x}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+48 U+0030 DIGIT ZERO|0}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+49 U+0031 DIGIT ONE|1}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+50 U+0032 DIGIT TWO|2}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+51 U+0033 DIGIT THREE|3}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+52 U+0034 DIGIT FOUR|4}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+53 U+0035 DIGIT FIVE|5}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+54 U+0036 DIGIT SIX|6}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+55 U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN|7}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+56 U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT|8}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+57 U+0039 DIGIT NINE|9}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+58 U+003A COLON|:}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+59 U+003B SEMICOLON|;}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+60 U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN|<}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+61 U+003D EQUALS SIGN|{{=}}}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+62 U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN|>}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+63 U+003F QUESTION MARK|?}}

{{chset-left1|4x}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF4|Alt+64 U+1EF4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW| Ỵ|style=background:#FFD}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+65 U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|A}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+66 U+0042 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|B}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+67 U+0043 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|C}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+68 U+0044 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|D}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+69 U+0045 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|E}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+70 U+0046 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|F}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+71 U+0047 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|G}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+72 U+0048 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|H}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+73 U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|I}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+74 U+004A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|J}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+75 U+004B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|K}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+76 U+004C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|L}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+77 U+004D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|M}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+78 U+004E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|N}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+79 U+004F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|O}}

{{chset-left1|5x}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+80 U+0050 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|P}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+81 U+0051 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|Q}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+82 U+0052 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|R}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+83 U+0053 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|S}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+84 U+0054 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|T}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+85 U+0055 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|U}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+86 U+0056 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|V}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+87 U+0057 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|W}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+88 U+0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|X}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+89 U+0059 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|Y}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+90 U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|Z}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+91 U+005B LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|[}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+92 U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS|\}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+93 U+005D RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET|]}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00C1|Alt+94 U+00C1 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE| Á|style=background:#FFD}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+95 U+005F LOW LINE|_}}

{{chset-left1|6x}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00C0|Alt+96 U+00C0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE| À|style=background:#FFD}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+97 U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A|a}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+98 U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B|b}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+99 U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C|c}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+100 U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D|d}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+101 U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E|e}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+102 U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F|f}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+103 U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G|g}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+104 U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H|h}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+105 U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I|i}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+106 U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J|j}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+107 U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K|k}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+108 U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L|l}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+109 U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M|m}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+110 U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N|n}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+111 U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O|o}}

{{chset-left1|7x}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+112 U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P|p}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+113 U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|q}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+114 U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R|r}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+115 U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S|s}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+116 U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T|t}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+117 U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U|u}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+118 U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V|v}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+119 U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W|w}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+120 U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X|x}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+121 U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|y}}

|{{chset-cell1|Alt+122 U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|z}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB6|Alt+123 U+1EB6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW| Ặ|style=background:#FFD}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA2|Alt+124 U+1EA2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE| Ả|style=background:#FFD}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00C3|Alt+125 U+00C3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE| Ã|style=background:#FFD}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA0|Alt+126 U+1EA0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW| Ạ|style=background:#FFD}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|Alt+127 U+007F DELETE|DEL}}

{{chset-left1|8x}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA4|Alt+128 U+1EA4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE| Ấ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EBB|Alt+129 U+1EBB LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE| ẻ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00E9|Alt+130 U+00E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE| é}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00E2|Alt+131 U+00E2 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX| â}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EBD|Alt+132 U+1EBD LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE| ẽ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00E0|Alt+133 U+00E0 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE| à}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB9|Alt+134 U+1EB9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW| ẹ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA6|Alt+135 U+1EA6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE| Ầ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00EA|Alt+136 U+00EA LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX| ê}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EBF|Alt+137 U+1EBF LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE| ế}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00E8|Alt+138 U+00E8 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE| è}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC1|Alt+139 U+1EC1 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE| ề}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA8|Alt+140 U+1EA8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE| Ẩ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00EC|Alt+141 U+00EC LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE| ì}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC3|Alt+142 U+1EC3 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE| ể}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC5|Alt+143 U+1EC5 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE| ễ}}

{{chset-left1|9x}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EAA|Alt+144 U+1EAA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE| Ẫ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ECF|Alt+145 U+1ECF LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE| ỏ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00F5|Alt+146 U+00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE| õ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00F4|Alt+147 U+00F4 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX| ô}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ECD|Alt+148 U+1ECD LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW| ọ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00F2|Alt+149 U+00F2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE| ò}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED1|Alt+150 U+1ED1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE| ố}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00F9|Alt+151 U+00F9 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE| ù}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED3|Alt+152 U+1ED3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE| ồ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED5|Alt+153 U+1ED5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE| ổ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED7|Alt+154 U+1ED7 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE| ỗ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED9|Alt+155 U+1ED9 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW| ộ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE7|Alt+156 U+1EE7 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE| ủ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0169|Alt+157 U+0169 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE| ũ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE5|Alt+158 U+1EE5 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW| ụ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=01B0|Alt+159 U+01B0 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN| ư}}

{{chset-left1|Ax}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00E1|Alt+160 U+00E1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE| á}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00ED|Alt+161 U+00ED LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE| í}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00F3|Alt+162 U+00F3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE| ó}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00FA|Alt+163 U+00FA LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE| ú}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE9|Alt+164 U+1EE9 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE| ứ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EEB|Alt+165 U+1EEB LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE| ừ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EED|Alt+166 U+1EED LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE| ử}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EEF|Alt+167 U+1EEF LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE| ữ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF1|Alt+168 U+1EF1 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW| ự}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC9|Alt+169 U+1EC9 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE| ỉ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0129|Alt+170 U+0129 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE| ĩ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ECB|Alt+171 U+1ECB LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW| ị}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC7|Alt+172 U+1EC7 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW| ệ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0111|Alt+173 U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE| đ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0110|Alt+174 U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE| Đ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EAC|Alt+175 U+1EAC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW| Ậ}}

{{chset-left1|Bx}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EAE|Alt+176 U+1EAE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE| Ắ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB0|Alt+177 U+1EB0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE| Ằ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB2|Alt+178 U+1EB2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE| Ẳ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB4|Alt+179 U+1EB4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE| Ẵ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00C9|Alt+180 U+00C9 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE| É}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00C8|Alt+181 U+00C8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE| È}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EBA|Alt+182 U+1EBA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE| Ẻ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EBC|Alt+183 U+1EBC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE| Ẽ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB8|Alt+184 U+1EB8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW| Ẹ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EBE|Alt+185 U+1EBE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE| Ế}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC0|Alt+186 U+1EC0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE| Ề}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC2|Alt+187 U+1EC2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE| Ể}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC4|Alt+188 U+1EC4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE| Ễ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC6|Alt+189 U+1EC6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW| Ệ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00CD|Alt+190 U+00CD LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE| Í}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00CC|Alt+191 U+00CC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE| Ì}}

{{chset-left1|Cx}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EC8|Alt+192 U+1EC8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE| Ỉ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0128|Alt+193 U+0128 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE| Ĩ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ECA|Alt+194 U+1ECA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW| Ị}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00D3|Alt+195 U+00D3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE| Ó}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00D2|Alt+196 U+00D2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE| Ò}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ECE|Alt+197 U+1ECE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE| Ỏ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00D5|Alt+198 U+00D5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE| Õ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ECC|Alt+199 U+1ECC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW| Ọ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED0|Alt+200 U+1ED0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE| Ố}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED2|Alt+201 U+1ED2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE| Ồ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED4|Alt+202 U+1ED4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE| Ổ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED6|Alt+203 U+1ED6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE| Ỗ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1ED8|Alt+204 U+1ED8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW| Ộ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EDA|Alt+205 U+1EDA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE| Ớ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EDC|Alt+206 U+1EDC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE| Ờ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EDE|Alt+207 U+1EDE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE| Ở}}

{{chset-left1|Dx}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE0|Alt+208 U+1EE0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE| Ỡ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE2|Alt+209 U+1EE2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW| Ợ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00DA|Alt+210 U+00DA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE| Ú}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00D9|Alt+211 U+00D9 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE| Ù}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE6|Alt+212 U+1EE6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE| Ủ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0168|Alt+213 U+0168 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE| Ũ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE4|Alt+214 U+1EE4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW| Ụ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE8|Alt+215 U+1EE8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE| Ứ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EEA|Alt+216 U+1EEA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE| Ừ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EEC|Alt+217 U+1EEC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE| Ử}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EEE|Alt+218 U+1EEE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE| Ữ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF0|Alt+219 U+1EF0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW| Ự}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00DD|Alt+220 U+00DD LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE| Ý}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF2|Alt+221 U+1EF2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE| Ỳ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF6|Alt+222 U+1EF6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE| Ỷ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF8|Alt+223 U+1EF8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE| Ỹ}}

{{chset-left1|Ex}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA3|Alt+224 U+1EA3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE| ả}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00E3|Alt+225 U+00E3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE| ã}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA1|Alt+226 U+1EA1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW| ạ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA5|Alt+227 U+1EA5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE| ấ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA7|Alt+228 U+1EA7 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE| ầ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EA9|Alt+229 U+1EA9 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE| ẩ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EAB|Alt+230 U+1EAB LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE| ẫ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EAD|Alt+231 U+1EAD LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW| ậ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0103|Alt+232 U+0103 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE| ă}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EAF|Alt+233 U+1EAF LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE| ắ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB1|Alt+234 U+1EB1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE| ằ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB3|Alt+235 U+1EB3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE| ẳ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB5|Alt+236 U+1EB5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE| ẵ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EB7|Alt+237 U+1EB7 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW| ặ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00FD|Alt+238 U+00FD LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE| ý}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF3|Alt+239 U+1EF3 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE| ỳ}}

{{chset-left1|Fx}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF7|Alt+240 U+1EF7 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE| ỷ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF9|Alt+241 U+1EF9 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE| ỹ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EF5|Alt+242 U+1EF5 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW| ỵ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=01A1|Alt+243 U+01A1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN| ơ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EDB|Alt+244 U+1EDB LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE| ớ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EDD|Alt+245 U+1EDD LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE| ờ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EDF|Alt+246 U+1EDF LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE| ở}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE1|Alt+247 U+1EE1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE| ỡ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=1EE3|Alt+248 U+1EE3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW| ợ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00D4|Alt+249 U+00D4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX| Ô}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=01A0|Alt+250 U+01A0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN| Ơ}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=01AF|Alt+251 U+01AF LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN| Ư}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=0102|Alt+252 U+0102 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE| Ă}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00C2|Alt+253 U+00C2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX| Â}}

|{{chset-cell1|u=00CA|Alt+254 U+00CA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX| Ê}}

|{{chset-ctrl1|U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE|NBSP}}

{{legend|#FFD|Differences from ASCII}}

=VIQR and VNI-Internet Mail=

The use of Vietnamese Quoted-Readable (VIQR), a convention for writing in Vietnamese using ASCII characters, began during the Vietnam War, when typewriters were the main tool for word processing. Because the U.S. military required a way to represent Vietnamese scripts accurately on official documents, VIQR was invented for the military.{{cn|date=August 2019}} Due to its longstanding use, VIQR was a natural choice for computer word processing, prior to the appearance of VNI, VPSKeys, VSCII, VISCII, and Unicode. It is still widely used{{when|date=August 2019}} for information exchange on computers, but is not desirable for design and layout, due to its cryptic appearance.

VIQR's main issue was the difficulty of reading VIQR text, especially for inexperienced computer users. VNI created and released a free font called VNI-Internet Mail, which utilized a variant of the VIQR notation and VNI's combining character technique to give VIQR text a more natural appearance by replacing certain ASCII punctuation with combining characters.

The following table compares VNI-Internet Mail to other codified VIQR or VIQR-like conventions.

class="wikitable"

!Diacritical mark!!RFC 1456 VIQR notation{{cite journal |url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1456 |title=RFC 1456: Conventions for Encoding the Vietnamese Language |author=Vietnamese Standardization Working Group |year=1993 |publisher=IETF|doi=10.17487/RFC1456 |doi-access=free }}!!VSCII-MNEM notation{{cite book|title=CJKV Information Processing|edition=2nd|first=Ken|last=Lunde|author-link=Ken Lunde|publisher=O'Reilly Media|year=2009|pages=47–49|isbn=978-0-596-51447-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SA92uQqTB-AC&pg=PA47}}!!VNI Internet Mail notation!!Example

Breve(<{{pipe}}A{{pipe}} displayed as Ă
Circumflex^>^E^ displayed as Ê
Horn+**U* displayed as Ư
Acute'''O' displayed as Ó
Grave`!`O` displayed as Ò
Hook above??{O{ displayed as Ỏ
Tilde~"~O~ displayed as Õ
Dot below..}O} displayed as Ọ
Barred DDDDDD_D_ displayed as Đ

See also

References

{{reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/ VNI Software Co.]
  • [http://www.vietjob.com/vietjob/vietuni/vietuni.pl VietUni Converter]

=VNI products=

  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/autoaccent.html VNI Auto Accent]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/xpfeatures.html VNI XP & Dai Tu Dien]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/english/bvtv2000.html VNI Tan Viet]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/english/bvtkwin.htm VNI Tan Ky 4]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/dtdfeatures.html VNI Dai Tu Dien]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/english/bvPhonic.html Learn English by Phonic]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/english/LEBP.html Learn English by Pictures]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/english/broansao.html VNI An Sao]
  • [http://www.vnisoft.com/dlfont.html VNI-Internet Mail]

Category:Software companies established in 1987

Category:1987 establishments in California

Category:Character encoding

Category:Companies based in Orange County, California

Category:Companies based in Westminster, California

Category:Educational software

Category:Vietnamese character input