Vacuum coffee maker#Santos

{{anchor|CONA|Santos|Pebo|ePebo}}File:CONA Coffee Maker, model D-Genius, factory photo release 2019.png

A vacuum coffee maker brews coffee using two chambers where vapor pressure and gravity produce coffee. This type of coffee maker is also known as vac pot, siphon or syphon coffee maker, and was invented by Loeff of Berlin in the 1830s.

History and design

Since their invention, these devices have since been used in many parts of the world.{{cite web |url=http://baharris.org/coffee/History.htm |title=The Historical Development of the Vacuum Coffee Pot |first=Brian |last=Harris |date=2024 |website=baharris.org}} While vacuum coffee makers generally were excessively complex for everyday use, they were prized for producing a clear brew, and were quite popular until the middle of the twentieth century. Vacuum coffee makers remain popular in some parts of Asia, including Japan and Taiwan.{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125731326056327485 |title=Ground Rules |author-last=Eckhardt |author-first=Robyn |date=2009-11-06 |work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=2020-01-11 |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}} {{anchor|Sintrax}}

Design and composition of the vacuum coffee maker varies. The chamber material is borosilicate glass, metal, or plastic, and the filter can be either a glass rod or a screen made of metal, cloth, paper, or nylon. {{anchor|Napier}} The Napier Vacuum Machine by James Robert Napier, presented in 1840, was an early example of the vacuum brewing process.{{cite web |url=http://www.technotoad.com/the-napier-vacuum-coffee-maker.php |title=The Napier coffeemaker |first=John W. |last=List |date=2007 |website=Techno Toad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615050050/http://www.technotoad.com/the-napier-vacuum-coffee-maker.php |archive-date=June 15, 2009 |url-status=dead}} The Bauhaus interpretation of this device can be seen in Gerhard Marcks' {{ill|Sintrax|de}} coffee maker of 1925.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/89/mode/2up |title=Landmarks of twentieth-century design: an illustrated handbook |first1=Kathryn B. |last1=Hiesinger |first2=George H. |last2=Marcus |date=1993 |publisher=Abbeville Press |isbn=1-55859-279-2 |page=89 |url-access=registration}}{{cite web |url=http://home.planet.nl/~rjeroenv/brewing/vacpots/sintrax/Sintrax.html |title=Sintrax Coffee Maker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711180159/http://home.planet.nl/~rjeroenv/brewing/vacpots/sintrax/Sintrax.html |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |url-status=dead |first= |last= |website=}}

= Balance siphon =

An early variation of this principle is called a balance siphon or Belgian brewer. This implementation has the two chambers arranged side by side on a balance-like device, with a counterweight attached to the heated chamber.{{cite web |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/belgian-balance-brewer-coffee-siphon-weird-coffee-equipment-how-coffee-siphon-works |title=Weird coffeemakers; How the Belgian Balance Brewer Works |first=Liz |last=Clayton |date=August 9, 2018 |website=Serious Eats |access-date=25 February 2025}} Once the vapor has forced the hot water out, the counterweight activates a spring-loaded snuffer which smothers the flame and allows the initial chamber to cool down thus lowering pressure (creating a vacuum) and causing the brewed coffee to seep in.

= Automated version =

{{anchor|Siphonysta}}In 2022, Tiger Corporation released an automated coffee-maker based on the vacuum coffee maker principle, which was marketed as the Siphonysta.{{Cite web |title=Siphonysta Official Site |publisher=Tiger Corporation U.S.A. |url=https://tiger-corporation-us.com/siphonysta/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |language=en-US}} The Siphonysta's heating is electrical. The chambers are made of plastic ("resin").

Brewing principle

Image:Vakumpot north.svg

A vacuum coffee maker operates as a siphon, where heating and cooling the lower vessel changes the vapor pressure of water in the lower, first pushing the water up into the upper vessel, where the coffee is brewed, then allowing the brewed coffee to be strained as it is drawn back down into the lower vessel.

Specifically, by heating (A) the water in the sealed lower vessel (B), the combination of its vapor pressure (the pressure exerted by the vapor component of a liquid) and the pressure from heating the air will exceed the ambient standard atmospheric pressure, causing some of it to boil, turning into water vapor. Since the density of water vapor is approximately {{frac|2000}} that of liquid water, the mixture of air and water vapor in the lower vessel quickly expands as more liquid is boiled to vapor, increasing the pressure in the lower vessel.

File:Water vapor pressure graph.jpg

Once the pressure in the lower vessel exceeds atmospheric pressure, the remaining water is pushed up through the siphon tube (C) into the upper vessel (D), where it remains, so long as the pressure difference between the upper and lower vessels is sufficient to support it, about {{cvt|1.5|kPa|atm}}. This pressure difference is maintained during brewing through the continuous heating of the lower vessel. Coffee grinds are added to the water in the upper chamber and coffee is brewed using the displaced water at slightly less than the boiling point, {{cvt|100|C|F}}.

When the coffee has finished steeping, the heat is removed and the pressure in the lower vessel decreases; when the combined force of gravity and atmospheric pressure overcomes the (decreased) pressure within the lower vessel, the brewed coffee is pulled into the lower vessel of the vacuum coffee maker, leaving the coffee grounds in the upper vessel.{{Cite web |last=Prince |first=Mark |date=2021-03-22 |title=How to use a Siphon Coffee Maker |url=https://www.coffeegeek.com/guides/siphoncoffee/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=coffeegeek}}

The iconic Moka pot coffee maker functions on the same principle but the water is forced up from the bottom chamber through the third middle chamber containing the coffee grounds to the top chamber which has an air gap to prevent the brewed coffee from returning downwards. (Additionally, because the water is forced up through packed grounds, the pressures are greater.) The prepared coffee is then poured off from the top.

class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;" \|+Vacuum coffee maker process ! Step !! Image !! Notes
1 \| File:Vacuumcoffeestep1.jpg \| style="text-align:left;" \| Water is heated to a boil in the glass carafe.
2 \| File:Vacuumcoffeestep2.jpg \| style="text-align:left;" \| Coffee grounds are prepared and placed in glass container.
3 \| File:Vacuumcoffeestep3.jpg \| style="text-align:left;" \| The stem of the coffee ground container is inserted into the top of the glass carafe, sealing it, while the water continues to boil.
4 \| File:Vacuumcoffeestep4.jpg \| style="text-align:left;" \| The trapped steam in the carafe forces hot water up the stem of the coffee ground container, where it mixes with the ground coffee. The mix is then stirred for one minute while the coffee brews.
5 \| File:Vacuumcoffeestep5.jpg \| style="text-align:left;" \| At this point, the coffee has been fully brewed, but it is still mixed with the coffee grounds in the upper container. The glass carafe is taken off the heated surface.
6 \| File:Vacuumcoffeestep6.jpg \| style="text-align:left;" \| As the glass carafe cools, the steam in the carafe condenses, which causes the pressure in the carafe to decrease. This in turn pulls the brewed coffee through the filter of the coffee ground container down into the glass carafe, separating the brewed coffee from the coffee grounds. This process also is assisted by gravity.
7 \| File:Vacuumcoffeestep7.jpg \| style="text-align:left;" \| The filtered, brewed coffee is finished, and located in the glass carafe. The glass coffee ground container contains grounds, which are drier relative to filtered coffee grounds using conventional drip brewing because the siphon action also pushes air over the grounds as the brewed coffee returns to the carafe.

class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"

|+Vacuum coffee maker process

! Step !! Image !! Notes

| File:Vacuumcoffeestep1.jpg

| style="text-align:left;" | Water is heated to a boil in the glass carafe.

| File:Vacuumcoffeestep2.jpg

| style="text-align:left;" | Coffee grounds are prepared and placed in glass container.

| File:Vacuumcoffeestep3.jpg

| style="text-align:left;" | The stem of the coffee ground container is inserted into the top of the glass carafe, sealing it, while the water continues to boil.

| File:Vacuumcoffeestep4.jpg

| style="text-align:left;" | The trapped steam in the carafe forces hot water up the stem of the coffee ground container, where it mixes with the ground coffee. The mix is then stirred for one minute while the coffee brews.

| File:Vacuumcoffeestep5.jpg

| style="text-align:left;" | At this point, the coffee has been fully brewed, but it is still mixed with the coffee grounds in the upper container. The glass carafe is taken off the heated surface.

| File:Vacuumcoffeestep6.jpg

| style="text-align:left;" | As the glass carafe cools, the steam in the carafe condenses, which causes the pressure in the carafe to decrease. This in turn pulls the brewed coffee through the filter of the coffee ground container down into the glass carafe, separating the brewed coffee from the coffee grounds. This process also is assisted by gravity.

| File:Vacuumcoffeestep7.jpg

| style="text-align:left;" | The filtered, brewed coffee is finished, and located in the glass carafe. The glass coffee ground container contains grounds, which are drier relative to filtered coffee grounds using conventional drip brewing because the siphon action also pushes air over the grounds as the brewed coffee returns to the carafe.

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20101218044435/http://www.interactivehank.com/docs/images/Dada/VacPot_FAQ.pdf Vac Pot How-To pdf]
[http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/good-living/purveyor-of-the-black-art/2009/05/25/1243103476580.html Siphon brewer in operation, Sydney Australia]

Category:Coffee preparation

Category:Vacuum

Category:Fluid dynamics

Category:Coffeeware