Vadoma
{{Short description|Tribe in the north of Zimbabwe}}
{{infobox ethnic group
|image = File:Vadoma 1..jpg
|caption = Vadoma people with ectrodactyly
|group=vaDoma
|popplace=Zimbabwe
|region1 = {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
|pop1 = 22,000
|rels=Seventh-Day Adventist, African Traditional Religion
|langs=Dema, Korekore Shona, Kunda
}}
The Doma or vaDoma (singular muDoma), also known as Dema or Wadoma, are a tribe living in the Kanyemba region in the north of Zimbabwe, especially in the Hurungwe and Chipuriro districts around the basins of Mwazamutanda River, a tributary of the Zambezi River Valley. They are the only traditional hunter-gatherers indigenous to Zimbabwe and are famous for the inherited ectrodactyly existing among some vaDoma families at much higher rates than typical globally.
Language
The vaDoma speak the Dema language, which is closely related to the dominant Shona language of Zimbabwe and largely comprehensible to those who speak the Korekore and Tande Shona dialects.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gunsrainguerrill0000land|url-access=registration|title=Guns & Rain: Guerrillas & Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe|last=Lan|first=David|date=1985-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520055896|language=en}} Living alongside Shona and Kunda people in Kanyemba, they also speak Korekore Shona and Kunda.
History
According to vaDoma mythology, their ancestors emerged from a baobab tree. Upon descending from it, they walked upright to hunt and gather the fruits of the land.{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/06/21/relief-doma-people/|title=Relief for the Doma people|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe|access-date=2016-03-31}} The name vaDoma is also used in the Zambezi region for a semi-mythical people characterized as magical, capricious, hard to find, and living among the trees. This may refer to Khoisan hunter-gatherers who preceded the migration of the Bantu Shona into the Zambezi Valley, and the vaDoma are possibly related to this earlier population.{{Cite journal|last=Lancaster|first=C.S.|last2=Pohorilenko|first2=A.|date=1977-01-01|title=Ingombe Ilede and the Zimbabwe Culture|jstor=216889|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.2307/216889}} Rumors also persist among nearby peoples that the vaDoma are capable of disappearing in the forest and performing magic.
Historically, the vaDoma chiefly dwelt in the mountains, living a largely nomadic lifestyle of hunting, fishing, trapping, honey hunting, and gathering wild fruits and roots.{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/vaDoma-People-in-Zimbabwe/|title=Global Prayer Digest - vaDoma|website=www.globalprayerdigest.org|access-date=2016-03-31}} Prior to the European colonization of Africa, the vaDoma also resisted incorporation into the Korekore Shona kingdom of Mutapa, which resulted in little access to fertile land.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDkt3FnHPb8C|title=Mobile Africa: Changing Patterns of Movement in Africa and Beyond|last=Bruijn|first=Mirjam De|last2=Dijk|first2=Rijk A. van|last3=Foeken|first3=Dick|date=2001-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004120726|language=en}} Land reform after Zimbabwe's independence did not change this, despite pressure from the Mugabe government, and the vaDoma's continuing dispossession has made them Zimbabwe's only non-agricultural society, leading to stereotypes as "Stone Age cave-dwellers".{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfEwAQAAIAAJ|title=Zimbabwe, Botswana & Namibia|last=Swaney|first=Deanna|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9780864425454|language=en}}{{better source|date=June 2020}}
The mountain homeland of the vaDoma has now become the Chewore Safari Area.{{Cite web|url=http://news.om.org/country-article/r36598|title=Is there hope for the Dema people? - Zimbabwe - OM News|website=news.om.org|url-status=dead| access-date=2016-03-31}} In recent years, vaDoma have been threatened by game rangers due to a crackdown on poaching. Many abandoned their hunter-gatherer lifestyle and moved to the lowlands. Today, though they have little contact with the majority populace, many vaDoma families live settled lives as semi-foragers, building houses on wooden platforms to avoid predators. During rainfall, they cover the shelters with thatching. vaDoma are also reluctant to wear textile fabrics.{{Cite web|url=http://www.shearwatervictoriafalls.com/ostrich-people-kanyemba-extraordinary-tribe/|title=The Ostrich People of Kanyemba - An Extraordinary Tribe - Shearwater Victoria Falls|website=Shearwater Victoria Falls|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-31}} In 2014, the Seventh-day Adventist Church built Mariga Primary School to educate vaDoma children.
Ectrodactyly
A substantial minority of vaDoma have a condition known as ectrodactyly in which the middle three toes are absent and the two outer ones are turned in, resulting in the tribe being known as the "two-toed" or "ostrich-footed" tribe. This is an autosomal dominant condition resulting from a single mutation on chromosome 3.{{cite journal |author=Farrell HB |title=The two-toed Wadoma--familial ectrodactyly in Zimbabwe |journal=S. Afr. Med. J. |volume=65 |issue=13 |pages=531–3 |year=1984 |pmid=6710256 }}{{Failed verification|date=October 2022}} It is reported that those with the condition are not handicapped and are well integrated into the tribe. While possibly an aid in tree climbing, the condition prevails because of a small genetic pool among the vaDoma and is propagated by the tribal law that forbids members to marry outside the group.
Due to the vaDoma tribe's isolation, they have developed and maintained ectrodactyly, and their comparatively small gene pool has resulted in the condition being much more frequent than elsewhere. The Talaunda/Talaote Kalanga of the Kalahari Desert also have a number of members with ectrodactyly and may share common ancestry with the vaDoma.