Vadya
{{Italic title}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=270|align=right
| image1 = Veena.png | alt1=Veena |width1=600|height1=400
| image2 = Banshri.jpg | alt2= Flute |width2=165|height2=215
| image3 = Lukobadya nagara.jpg | alt3= Pushkala Nagara drums |width3=454|height3=325
| image4 = Cymbals (PSF).png | alt4= Cymbals |width4=2046 |height4= 2491
| footer = A {{IAST|vadya}} refers to instrument and the music they produce.{{cite book|author=Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva|title=Indian Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-XKAfoa8WMC |year=1995|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-81-224-0730-3|pages=95–96}} Above examples are found in the {{IAST|Natya Shastra}}.{{cite book|author1=Rachel Van M. Baumer|author2=James R. Brandon|title=Sanskrit Drama in Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0772-3 |pages=117–118 }}
}}
{{Indian classical music}}
Vadya ({{langx|sa|वाद्य}}, {{IAST|vādya}}), also called {{IAST|vadyaka}} or {{IAST|atodya}}, is one of the three components of {{IAST|sangita}} (musical performance arts), and refers to "instrumental music" in the Indian traditions. The other two components of {{IAST|sangita}} are {{IAST|gita}} (vocal music, song) and {{IAST|nritya}} (dance, movement).{{cite book|author=Lewis Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015| publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-73034-9| page=13}}{{cite book|author=Jaap Kunst|title=Hindu-Javanese Musical Instruments|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ytLoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|year= 2013|publisher= Springer Science|isbn=978-94-011-9185-2|pages=88 with footnote 26}}{{cite book|author1=Alison Arnold|author2=Bruno Nettl|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=19–20}} In the general sense, vadya means an instrument and the characteristic music they produce, sound, or play out.{{cite book|author=Lewis Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015| publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-73034-9| pages=113–114}}{{cite book|author=Mandakranta Bose|title=Movement and Mimesis: The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS_pCAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-94-011-3594-8|page=57}}
Indian musicology
The term {{IAST|vadya}} in the sense of "music, sounded, played, uttered" appears in Vedic literature such as the {{IAST|Aitareya Brahmana}}, and in early post-Vedic era Sanskrit texts such as the {{IAST|Natya Shastra}}, {{IAST|Panchatantra}}, {{IAST|Malvikagnimitra}}, and {{IAST|Kathasaritsagara}}.Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0900/mw__0973.html Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology], Oxford University Press, page 940 These texts refer to the musician or instrumental performer as {{IAST|vadyadhara}}. A stringed instrument is described with proportional lengths in {{IAST|Jaiminiya Brahmana}} and {{IAST|Aitareya Aranyaka}}, and these are compared to poetical meters.{{cite book|author=Emmie te Nijenhuis|author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis|title=Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kGzESuCeK-sC |year= 1992|publisher= BRILL Academic |isbn= 90-04-09498-9|pages= 12–14}} The 17th-century text Sangita Darpana defines {{IAST|sangita}} (musical arts) as "{{IAST|gītam vādyam tathā nrityam trayan sangīta muchyate}}", meaning {{IAST|sangita}} comprises {{IAST|gīta}} (vocal music), {{IAST|vādya}} (instrumental music), and {{IAST|nritya}} (dance).{{cite journal | last=Dona | first=Lasanthi Manaranjanie Kalinga | title=On the Therapeutic Aspects of Indian Classical Music | journal=Musik-, Tanz- und Kunsttherapie | publisher=Hogrefe Publishing | volume=23 | issue=1 | year=2012 | doi=10.1026/0933-6885/a000069 | pages=8–14}}
= Classification of instruments =
{{see also|Musical instrument classification#Indian}}
Sanskrit literature describes four types of {{IAST|vadya}}:{{cite book|author=Dilip Ranjan Barthakur|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC |year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-881-5|pages=3–4}}{{cite book|author=Bonnie C. Wade|title=Music in India: The Classical Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zRLAAAAYAAJ |year=1987|publisher=Riverdale Company|isbn=978-0-913215-25-8|page=88}}
- {{IAST|Tantu}}: stringed musical instrument (chordophone)
- {{IAST|Susira}}: hollow musical instrument (aerophone)
- {{IAST|Ghana}}: solid musical instrument (idiophone)
- {{IAST|Avanaddha}}: covered musical instrument (membranophone)
= Ensembles and orchestras =
The chapter 14 of the {{IAST|Saṅgītaśiromaṇi}} describes musical ensembles based on a collective performance of {{IAST|vadya}} instruments by musicians, and it calls such a band orchestra as a {{IAST|kutapa}}.{{cite book|author=Emmie Te Nijenhuis|title=Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGzESuCeK-sC |year=1992|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-09498-9|pages=524–525}}
Cultural exchange
The term {{IAST|vadya}} also appears in the Buddhist Sanskrit text {{IAST|Sukhavativyuha}}, influential in the Chinese and Japanese traditions, which Luis Gomez translates as "instrumental music".Luis Gómez (1996), The Land of Bliss: Sanskrit and Chinese Versions of the Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutras, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8248-1760-2}}, page 72 (verse 28.23)
In Hindu-Javanese music tradition, {{IAST|vadya}} is called {{IAST|vaditra}}. According to Roger Blench, most scholars consider the term valiha (a Madagascar tube zither instrument) to be rooted in the Sanskrit term {{IAST|vadya}}, reflecting a period of cultural exchange over the Indian Ocean.Roger Blench (2014), Using Diverse Sources of Evidence for Reconstructing the Past History of Musical Exchanges in the Indian Ocean, African Archaeological Review, Volume 31, Issue 4 (December), pp 675–703
See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Indian Music}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}