Valyrian languages#High Valyrian

File:David j peterson 2019 06 03.jpeg, creator of the spoken Valyrian languages for Game of Thrones]]

To create the Dothraki and Valyrian languages to be spoken in Game of Thrones, HBO selected the language creator David J. Peterson through a competition among conlangers. The producers gave Peterson a largely free hand in developing the languages, as, according to Peterson, George R. R. Martin himself was not very interested in the linguistic aspect of his works. The already published novels include only a few words of High Valyrian, including valar morghulis ("all men must die"), valar dohaeris ("all men must serve") and dracarys ("dragonfire"). For the forthcoming novel The Winds of Winter, Peterson has supplied Martin with additional Valyrian translations.

Peterson commented that he considered Martin's choice of dracarys unfortunate because of its (presumably intended) similarity to the Latin word for dragon, {{lang|la|draco}}. Because the Latin language does not exist in the fictional world of A Song of Ice and Fire, Peterson chose to treat the similarity as coincidental and made dracarys an independent lexeme;{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%c8%b3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-1257 |title=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa (comment at 10:12 pm) |trans-title=Now His Watch Is Ended, 22:12 |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 }} his High Valyrian term for dragon is zaldrīzes. The phrases valar morghulis and valar dohaeris, on the other hand, became the foundation of the language's conjugation system. Another word, trēsy, meaning "son", was coined in honour of Peterson's 3000th Twitter follower.{{cite web |last=Peterson | first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/05/t%C8%B3ni-tresi/ |title=Tȳni Trēsi |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 }}

At the start of June 2013, there were 667 High Valyrian words.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=Kastāmiro Daomior (comment at 2:46 am) |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/06/kastamiro-daomior/#comment-1854 |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 }}

Peterson expanded the languages for the successor series House of the Dragon.{{cite interview |last= Peterson|first= David|subject-link= David J. Peterson|interviewer= Anthony Le Donne|title= Bonus Bookaloo: House of the Dragon and More|work= Game of Thrones 2: Electric Bookaloo|date= March 7, 2022|publisher= Bald Move|url= https://baldmove.com/game-of-thrones/bonus-bookaloo-house-of-the-dragon-and-more/|access-date= July 23, 2022}}

Since 2019, Peterson has been documenting the Valyrian languages (along with his other conlangs) in a Wiktionary-style repository on the website The Languages of David J. Peterson, with assistance from curators.{{cite web |title= Main Page|website= The Languages of David J. Peterson|url= https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Main_Page}}{{cite web |title= High Valyrian language|website= The Languages of David J. Peterson|url= https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=High_Valyrian_language}}

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| quote = Nyke Daenerys Jelmāzmo hen Targārio Lentrot, hen Valyrio Uēpo ānogār iksan. Valyrio muño ēngos ñuhys issa.

"I am Daenerys Stormborn of the House Targaryen, of the blood of Old Valyria. Valyrian is my mother tongue."

| source = — High Valyrian, Game of Thrones, season 3, episode 4{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa |trans-title=Now His Watch Is Ended |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%C8%B3hon-keliton-issa/ |publisher=Dothraki.com |location=Washington D.C., United States |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 }}{{cite web |url= https://archiveofourown.org/works/24005299|title= Conlang Dialogue: Game of Thrones, Episode 304|last= Peterson|first= David|date= 4 May 2020|website= Archive of Our Own|access-date= 24 July 2022}}

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In the world of A Song of Ice and Fire, High Valyrian occupies a cultural niche similar to that of Classical Latin in medieval Europe.{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |title=Tongues of Ice and Fire: Creating the Languages in Game of Thrones |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/05/03/tongues-of-ice-and-fire-creating-the-languages-of-game-of-thrones/ |newspaper=Time |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 }} The novels describe it as no longer being used as a language of everyday communication, but rather as a language of learning and education among the nobility of Essos and Westeros, with much literature and song composed in Valyrian.

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Notes:

: {{IPA link|θ}} {{grapheme|th}} and {{IPA link|x}} {{grapheme|kh}} are not native to High Valyrian but are present in some loanwords, such as the Dothraki arakh.

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Vowels with a macron over them (ī, ȳ, ū, ē, ō and ā) are long, held for twice as long as short vowels. Some words are distinguished simply by their vowel length in High Valyrian.

The rounded vowels {{angle bracket|ȳ}} and {{angle bracket|y}} lost their rounding in the descendant languages. Accordingly, when High Valyrian is used non-natively as prestige language, they are pronounced as unrounded front vowels {{IPA|/iː, i/}}. While Daenerys Targaryen's first name may generally be pronounced {{IPA|[də.ˈnɛː.ɹɪs]}} by characters in Game of Thrones, in High Valyrian it would have been closer to {{IPA|[ˈdae.ne.ɾys]}}, with a diphthong in the first syllable and a rounded vowel in the last.

Contrastive vowel length has also been lost in some derived languages; in season 3 of Game of Thrones, Astapori Valyrian is heard, in which long vowels are pronounced exactly like short vowels.

Syllable stress is penultimate unless the penultimate syllable is light and the antepenultimate syllable is heavy, in which case stress is on the antepenultimate.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=Tīkuni Zōbrī, Udra Zōbriar (comment at 4:47 pm) |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/tikuni-zobri-udra-zobriar/#comment-1075 |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 }} As a highly inflected language, word order is flexible (a feature lost in derived languages), but sentences with relative clauses are head-final.

There are four grammatical numbers in High Valyrian—singular, plural, paucal and collective. For example:

{{interlinear|indent=3

|vala valun vali valar

|NOM.SG NOM.PAU NOM.PL NOM.COL

|"man" {"some men"} "men" {"all men"}

|c1= {{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1chmc4/eseneziri_im_david_peterson_the_creator_of_the/c9hd7yy |title=Eseneziri (comment at 20:13 UTC) |publisher=Reddit AMA |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 }}

|}}

The collective can itself be modified by number as a new noun declension, for example:

{{interlinear|indent=3

|azantys → azantyr

|NOM.SG {} NOM.COL

|{"knight, soldier"} {} "army"

|}}

{{interlinear|indent=3

|azantyr → azantyri

|NOM.SG {} NOM.PL

|"army" {} "armies"

|c1={{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%c8%b3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-1257 |title=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa (comment at 5:23 pm) |trans-title=Now His Watch Is Ended, 17:23 |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 }}

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Nouns have eight cases—nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental, comitative and vocative, though the instrumental and comitative are not distinguished in all declensions,{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%c8%b3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-1256 |title=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa (comment at 5:19 pm) |trans-title=Now His Watch Is Ended, 17:19 |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 }} nor are the genitive, dative and locative always distinguished in the plural. Both prepositions and postpositions are used to form other cases; for example, the ablative is formed with the preposition hen + the locative (e.g. hen lentot, "from a house") while the superessive is formed with the postposition bē following the genitive (e.g. lento bē, "on top of a house").{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=David J.|title=The Art of Language Invention|page=133}}

There are four grammatical genders, which do not align with biological sex.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%c8%b3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-1279 |title=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa (comment at 10:24 am) |trans-title=Now His Watch Is Ended, 22:24 |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 }} The Valyrian names for the genders are:

: hūrenkon qogror—"lunar class",

: vēzenkon qogror—"solar class",

: tegōñor qogror—"terrestrial class",

: embōñor qogror—"aquatic class".

Animate and individuatable nouns are generally in the lunar or solar classes, while other nouns are generally classified as terrestrial or aquatic. The names of the classes derive from the nouns themselves, which are prototypical members of each gender.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/perzo-vujita/#comment-1391 |title=Perzo Vūjita (comment at 12:30 am) |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 }} Peterson describes Valyrian gender as being inherent but more predictable from phonology than gender in French, with some of the derivational properties of the noun classes of Bantu languages. As a result of the phonological predictability, many words for humans (which tend to end -a or -ys) are lunar or solar; many foods and plants (often ending -on) are terrestrial.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/perzo-vujita/#comment-1418 |title=Perzo Vūjita (comment at 2:50 pm) |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 }}

According to Peterson, "what defines declension classes in High Valyrian" can be divined by paying "close attention to the singular and plural numbers" and noting "where cases are conflated and where they aren't".{{cite web |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/05/some-high-valyrian-inflection/ |title=Some High Valyrian inflection |author-link=David J. Peterson |first=David J. |last=Peterson |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=26 May 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 }}

Verbs conjugate for seven tenses (present, aorist, future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect and past habitual), two voices (active and passive) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Tenses in High Valyrian often convey information about both time and aspect.{{cite web |url= https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=High_Valyrian_Grammar#Verbs|title= High Valyrian Grammar|author= |website= The Languages of David J. Peterson}}

Nouns have four grammatical numbers, but verb conjugations have only been described in the singular and the plural; paucals trigger plural agreement, and collectives trigger singular agreement.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/06/some-more-high-valyrian-inflection/#comment-2124 |title=Some More High Valyrian Inflection (comment at 12:45 pm) |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 }}

Adjectives have three declension classes.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/07/valyrian-adjectives/ |title=Valyrian Adjectives |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 }} Like verbs, adjectives only have two number forms—a singular, which is also used for the collective, and a plural, also used for paucal numbers. Adjectives may be both prepositive (e.g. "the white shoe") or post-positive (e.g. "the body politic"); when prepositive some further rules apply.

Several forms of elision and consonant assimilation occur with prepositive adjectives:

• With inflections of two syllables (such as kastoti in several class I plurals), the second syllable is often lost to elision; word-final -t is also lost before consonants—compare aderot ābrot ("to the quick woman") with adero Dovaogēdot ("to the quick Unsullied").
• When such elision causes a word-final -z (such as with the class I kasta becoming kastyzy (nom.) and kastyzys (voc.) in the lunar plurals, below), the final -z is devoiced to -s when it precedes a voiceless consonant—compare kastys hobresse ("blue goats") with kastyz dāryssy ("blue kings"), both forms from kastyzy, the lunar nominative plural.
• If the syllable in question is vowel–consonant–vowel, then only the final vowel is elided—compare ānogro ēlȳro ("of the first blood") to ēlȳr ānogro ("of the first blood").
• Whereas instrumental forms are generally listed as containing -s- or -ss- and comitative forms generally contain -m- or -mm-, some nouns use only the s-forms in both cases and some nouns use the m-forms for both. When this occurs, the consonant in question experiences consonant harmony, causing the use of what might otherwise be a comitative form for an instrumental and vice versa, {{citation needed span|such as with the examples given of class I vowel mutations below,|date=July 2013}} where the forms appear to be instrumental ("by means of the ... men", "by means of the ... rains"), despite being comitative ("accompanying the ... man", "accompanying the ... rains").
• Finally, word-final -m is decreasingly common in High Valyrian. Contracted inflections that end in -m will often assimilate to -n unless the next word begins with a vowel or a labial consonant.

Class I adjectives decline differently for each of the four noun classes. Adjective classes II and III both conflate rather more forms, failing to distinguish between solar and lunar nouns and failing to distinguish between terrestrial and aquatic nouns.

On October 31, 2016, a course in High Valyrian for English speakers began to be constructed in the Duolingo Language Incubator. David J. Peterson is one of the contributors to the course.{{cite web|url=http://duolingo.wikia.com/wiki/High_Valyrian_for_English|title=High Valyrian for English|work=Duolingo Wiki|access-date=4 April 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://incubator.duolingo.com/courses/hv/en/status|title=Course Status: High Valyrian for English Speakers|work=Duolingo Language Incubator|access-date=5 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322025052/https://incubator.duolingo.com/courses/hv/en/status}} The beta version was released on July 12, 2017. In April 2019, the course was updated in anticipation of Game of Thrones{{'}} eighth and final season.{{Cite web|last=Tapper|first=James|title=Do you you speak High Valyrian? Duolingo launches Game of Thrones language app|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/apr/13/game-of-thrones-high-valyrian-language-learning-duolingo|access-date=March 9, 2022|website=The Guardian|date=April 13, 2019|language=en}} As a part of this update, Peterson created audio for the course's lessons and exercises.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In the world of the novel and TV series, the Nine Free Cities of Essos speak locally evolved variants of Valyrian known as Bastard Valyrian, described by the character Tyrion in A Dance with Dragons as "not so much a dialect as nine dialects on the way to becoming separate tongues".A Dance with Dragons, Tyrion I.

Peterson described the relationship between High Valyrian and Bastard Valyrian as being similar to that between Classical Latin and the Romance languages evolved from Vulgar Latin, or more accurately between Classical Arabic and the modern varieties of Arabic, in that High Valyrian is intelligible, with some difficulty, to a speaker of a local Essosi language.

The slave cities of Slaver's Bay are lands of the ancient Ghiscari Empire that was conquered and annexed by Valyria, so they speak related languages descended from High Valyrian with the substrate of the local Ghiscari languages.{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=The State of Valyrian |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2014/05/the-state-of-valyrian/ |publisher=Dothraki.com |date= May 6, 2014}} Peterson noted that with regard to the vocabulary of the derived languages, "If it’s got a 'j' in an odd place, it’s probably Ghiscari in origin."{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=The Valyrian Word for Hamster |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2014/05/the-valyrian-word-for-hamster/ |publisher=Dothraki.com |date= May 12, 2014}}

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|quote = Si kizy vasko v’uvar ez zya gundja yn hilas.

"And this because I like the curve of her ass."

|source = — Astapori Valyrian, Game of Thrones, season 3, episode 3{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Denise |title=Learn to speak Dothraki and Valyrian from the man who invented them for Game of Thrones |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/game-of-thrones-dothraki-language-inventor.html |access-date=24 April 2013 |newspaper=Vulture |date=23 April 2013 }}{{cite web |url= https://archiveofourown.org/works/24005389|title= Conlang Dialogue: Game of Thrones, Episode 303|last= Peterson|first= David|date= 4 May 2020|website= Archive of Our Own|access-date= 24 July 2022}}

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The first derivative Valyrian language to be featured in the series was Astapori Valyrian, a variety from the city of Astapor in Slaver's Bay. It appeared in the third-season premiere episode "Valar Dohaeris". Peterson created the Astapori dialogue by first writing the text in High Valyrian, then applying a series of regular grammar and sound changes to simulate the changes in natural languages over a long period of time.{{Cite web |first=David |last=Peterson |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/29/david-peterson-and-the-languages-of-game-of-thrones/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402092227/http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/29/david-peterson-and-the-languages-of-game-of-thrones/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 2, 2013 |title=David Peterson and the languages of Game of Thrones |work=CNN What's Next |access-date=4 April 2013 }}

For example, Astapori Valyrian has lost all long vowels (designated with a macron) and most diphthongs. Between vowels, [b, d, g] have become [v, ð, ɣ]; subsequently, [p, t, k] have become [b, d, g] in the same environment.{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=David J.|title=The Art of Language Invention|pages=168–169}}

As a result, an "Unsullied" is rendered as Dovaogēdy {{IPA|[do.vao.ˈɡeː.dy]}} in High Valyrian, but as Dovoghedhy {{IPA|[do.vo.ˈɣe.ði]}} in Astapori.

Similarly, Astapori Valyrian has lost the case system of High Valyrian, so the word order is more reliably subject–verb–object (SVO) and the four genders of High Valyrian have been reduced to two, with three definite articles: ji {{IPA|[ˈʒi]}} (animate singular, derived from High Valyrian ziry {{IPA|[ˈzi.ry]}} "him/her (accusative)"), vi {{IPA|[ˈvi]}} (inanimate singular, derived from High Valyrian ūī {{IPA|[ˈuː.iː]}} "it (accusative)"), and po {{IPA|[ˈpo]}} (plural, derived from High Valyrian pōnte {{IPA|[ˈpoːn.te]}} "them (accusative)").{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=David J.|title=The Art of Language Invention|page=196}} There is also an indefinite article, me {{IPA|[ˈme]}}, derived from High Valyrian mēre {{IPA|[ˈmeː.re]}} ("one"). Word stress is less predictable than in High Valyrian, but commands are stressed word-finally (for example: ivetrá).{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=Qilōnario Geron |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/qilonario-geron/ |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013}}

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|quote = Ev shka moz avrelya fej wal thosh? Pa wal yel wazghesh shing pa nesh esh yelwa mish she yel lerch ej rovnya sha nofel?

"You want to drink wine with these men? The men who tore us from our mothers’ arms and sold us at auction, like cattle?"

|source = — Meereenese Valyrian, Game of Thrones, season 6, episode 4.{{cite web |url= https://archiveofourown.org/works/24130537|title= Conlang Dialogue: Game of Thrones, Episode 604|last= Peterson|first= David|date= 11 May 2020|website= Archive of Our Own|access-date= 24 July 2022}}

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Meereenese Valyrian appears in Seasons 4 and 6 of Game of Thrones.{{cite web |url= https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Season_4_Game_of_Thrones_Dialogue|title= Season 4 Game of Thrones Dialogue|author= |website= The Languages of David J. Peterson}}

Like Astapori Valyrian, it lacked long vowels as well as the sound /y/.{{cite web |url= https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Meereenese_Valyrian_Phonology|title= Meereenese Valyrian Phonology|author= |website= The Languages of David J. Peterson}} However, its phonology departs considerably more from High Valyrian. This decision was a response to the request that it not be mutually intelligible with High Valyrian, unlike Astapori Valyrian, which is. For example, the word "Unsullied":{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=Valar Javaris |url=https://dothraki.com/2014/05/valar-javaris/ |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=May 5, 2014 |access-date=24 July 2022}}

: Meereenese Valyrian: Thowoá {{IPA|[θo.woˈa]}}

: Astapori Valyrian: Dovoghedhy {{IPA|[do.vo.ˈɣe.ði]}}

: High Valyrian: Dovaogēdy {{IPA|[do.vao.ˈɡeː.dy]}}

Peterson did not create a High Valyrian writing system for Game of Thrones, but he commented that he "was thinking something more like Egyptian's system of hieroglyphs—not in style, necessarily, but in their functionality. Egyptians had an alphabet, of sorts, a couple of phonetically based systems, and a logography all layered on top of one another."{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |title=Tīkuni Zōbrī, Udra Zōbriar (comment on 10 April 2013 at 11:53 pm) |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/tikuni-zobri-udra-zobriar/#comment-1086 |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 }} In the third season's episode "The Bear and the Maiden Fair", Talisa is seen writing a Valyrian letter in the Latin alphabet, because according to Peterson, "it didn't seem worthwhile to create an entire writing system for what ultimately is kind of a throwaway shot".{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/05/gryves-se-rina-litse/ |title=Gryves se Riña Litse |publisher=Dothraki.com |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=22 May 2013 }}

A writing system was eventually created for House of the Dragon. It is a mixed script, consisting of three types of glyphs:{{cite web|last=Peterson |first=David J. |author-link= David J. Peterson |website= Instagram|title= Hope you enjoyed @houseofthedragonhbo tonight! This show features a new writing system for High Valyrian that I created.|date= Aug 21, 2022|url= https://www.instagram.com/p/Chi5n-urWpd/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y%3D}}

1. Logographic glyphs (stand for whole words)
2. Paradigmatic glyphs (used to show nominal paradigms and inflections)
3. Alphabetic glyphs (used purely for their phonetic value)

High Valyrian was featured in detail in Game of Thrones only from season 3 onwards, spoken mostly by Daenerys Targaryen (played by Emilia Clarke) on occasions with her scribe Missandei (played by Nathalie Emmanuel) and lieutenant Grey Worm (played by Jacob Anderson). The language has more prominence in the prequel House of the Dragon, mainly between the lead character Rhaenyra Targaryen (played by Milly Alcock as teenager and Emma D'Arcy as adult) and her uncle Daemon Targaryen (played by Matt Smith).

Emma D'Arcy, who played the adult Rhaenyra in House of the Dragon, reports enjoying learning it, saying, "I actually really enjoyed the process. It's like a fully functioning language — it's fully operational and so it's really gratifying to unpick."{{cite web |url= https://www.slashfilm.com/952555/matt-smith-and-emma-darcy-say-their-house-of-the-dragon-characters-love-language-is-high-valyrian/|title= Matt Smith And Emma D'Arcy Say Their House Of The Dragon Characters' Love Language Is High Valyrian|last= Armstrong|first= Vanessa|date= Aug 8, 2022|website= /Film|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20220808164416/https://www.slashfilm.com/952555/matt-smith-and-emma-darcy-say-their-house-of-the-dragon-characters-love-language-is-high-valyrian/|archivedate= Aug 8, 2022}} Their co-star Matt Smith, who played Daemon, initially found it daunting, saying, "I had pages of it. Reams. At first, I dreaded it. But when I got to it, I quite enjoyed learning it and quite enjoyed performing it."

{{Reflist}}

• [https://forum.dothraki.org Tongues of Ice and Fire forums], including Valyrian-specific discussion threads (for [https://forum.dothraki.org/beginners-11/ beginners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929005617/https://forum.dothraki.org/beginners-11/ |date=2019-09-29 }} and about [https://forum.dothraki.org/language-updates-12/ language updates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929005617/https://forum.dothraki.org/language-updates-12/ |date=2019-09-29 }}).
• [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=High_Valyrian_language A Wiki about High Valyrian linguistics]
• [https://duoplanet.com/high-valyrian-duolingo/ High Valyrian has been available on Duolingo] since 2019 and is one of two fictional languages, the other being Klingon from the TV series Star Trek

{{ASOIAF}}

{{Constructed languages}}

Category:Fictional languages

Category:A Song of Ice and Fire

Category:Game of Thrones

Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 2010s

Category:2012 introductions

Category:Constructed languages