Vanport, Oregon

Vanport construction began in August 1942 to house the workers at the wartime Kaiser Shipyards in Portland and Vancouver, Washington. Vanport—a portmanteau of "Vancouver" and "Portland"—was home to 40,000 people, about 40 percent of them African-American, making it Oregon's second-largest city at the time, and the largest public housing project in the nation. After the war, Vanport lost more than half of its population, dropping to 18,500, as many wartime workers left the area. However, there was also an influx of returning World War II veterans. In order to attract veterans and their families, the Housing Authority of Portland (HAP) opened a college named the Vanport Extension Center;{{cite web|title=Kaiserville: A Muddy Miracle|url=http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/vpconstruc.php|publisher=Center for Columbia River History|access-date=June 21, 2014}} the school would eventually be renamed Portland State University.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pdx.edu/portland-state-university-history|title = History | Portland State University}}

Vanport was dramatically destroyed at 4:05 p.m. on May 30, 1948, when a {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on|-1}} section of a railroad berm holding back the Columbia River collapsed during a flood, killing 15 people. The city was underwater by nightfall, leaving around 18,000 of its inhabitants homeless.

The city was a hub of transient laborers from all corners of the country; few residents had any long-term connections with each other and little opportunity or interest to build them. The temporary nature of the new city contributed to an overall sense of insecurity and anxiety among residents. The lack of businesses and recreation opportunities contributed to a sense of distrust, and the relative isolation of the largely male workforce meant there was little demand for community institutions such as a newspaper or high school.{{cite thesis|author=Lunin Boyle, Hope|title=The Effect of Living in Vanport City on the Behavior of Its Inhabitants|publisher = University of Oregon Department of Sociology|location=Eugene, Oregon|year=1946|page=114}}

By 1943–44, families living in Vanport were moving out at the rate of 100 a day. A questionnaire mailed to 1,000 former Vanport families, selected randomly from the approximately 3,000 families who had left by then, asked, among other things, why they had moved to Vanport in the first place. About 230 people answered this question. The top reason given for choosing the Portland–Vancouver shipyards was that "they thought it their duty to go into defense work". The second-ranked reason was a desire for a better job, and the third, higher wages. However, the situation changed when the war ended in 1945. The Housing Authority of Portland (HAP) then sought to attract World War II veterans who needed housing, a community to raise their families, and higher education through the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill). The establishment of a college at Vanport in 1946 was a key part of the strategy to keep Vanport a thriving Oregon community.

The establishment of Vanport coincided with an unprecedented influx of African-Americans into Oregon, attracted to work in newly federally-desegregated wartime defence industries. Due to exclusionary racial laws, the state had a population of fewer than 1,800 Black people in 1940; by 1946 more than 15,000 lived in the Portland area, mostly in Vanport and other segregated housing districts.{{sfn|Maben|1987|page=86}} One prewar observer, Portland Urban League secretary Edwin C. Berry, described Portland as a " 'northern' city with a 'southern' exposure", arguing that the city shared with southern cities "traditions, attitudes, and things interracial in character." Berry argued that prior to the war the city exhibited remarkably unprogressive racial attitudes.{{cite journal|author=Berry, Edwin C.|title=Profiles: Portland|journal=Journal of Educational Sociology|publisher=American Sociological Association|volume=19|number=3|date=November 1945|pages=158–165|doi=10.2307/2263420|jstor=2263420}}

The hastily constructed wartime development's social and cultural mores had little in common with Portland as a whole. Vanport's immigrants imported their particular brands of racism from throughout the country. White migrants from the South were the most vocal in opposing the degree of integration that HAP dictated for schools, buses and work sites. The Authority was largely unsympathetic to these complaints and at no time was de jure segregation imposed on any of Vanport's facilities. When police were called because Black men were dancing with white women at a local event, only the white women were detained and warned that their conduct might lead to a race riot.{{sfn|Maben|1987|page=93}}

HAP never had any explicit policy advocating segregation; nonetheless, for various reasons de facto segregation was the norm. Whites complained when placed near "Black" areas, and segregation of Vanport by neighborhood might as well have been enforced legally.{{sfn|Maben|1987|page=91}} Only in 1944 were complaints raised about the segregation situation in the city. Reacting to the criticism—and pressure from Eleanor Roosevelt—by April 1944, HAP began placing incoming Black people into the "white" areas of the settlement. However, word quickly spread and 63 white residents quickly signed a petition demanding a reversal of the policy. Entire buildings were free in the "Black" areas of town, they argued, and after opponents of the integration plan appeared at a HAP meeting the authority decided to resume its previous policies.{{sfn|Maben|1987|page=94}}

The unprecedented level of integration and lack of any major incidents of racially-motivated violence or severe tensions did not mean there were no problems. Tensions between Black and white communities were still a part of Vanport life as well as a problem in relating to Portland. A 1943–44 study published in the American Sociological Review indicates that the top five complaints from Vanport residents included "negroes and whites in same neighborhood", "negroes and whites in same school", and "discrimination against Vanport people by Portlanders".{{cite journal|last1=Kilbourn|first1=Charlotte|last2=Lantis|first2=Margaret|name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/primary/elements.htm|title=Elements of Tenant Instability in a War Housing Project|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=11|date=February 1946|issue=1|pages=57–66|format=reprinted by Center for Columbia River History|doi=10.2307/2085277|jstor=2085277|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624004105/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/primary/elements.htm|archive-date=June 24, 2016|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}

Although some of Portland's Black people lived in 53 of the city's 60 census tracts before the war, about half were concentrated in two tracts east of the Willamette River and north of the east–west centerline of the city.{{sfn|Maben|1987|page=92}} After the war, much of Portland's Black community remained centered in northeastern parts of the city.{{cite journal | last = Stroud | first = Ellen | title = Troubled Waters in Ecotopia: Environmental Racism in Portland, Oregon | journal = Radical History Review | issue = 74 | pages = 65–95 | publisher = MARHO | location = New York, N.Y. | year = 1999 | volume = 1999 | doi = 10.1215/01636545-1999-74-65 | url = http://web.mit.edu/people/spirn/Public/Granite%20Garden%20Research/Urban%20Environmental%20History/Stroud%201999%20Environmental%20Racism%20Portland.pdf | issn = 0163-6545 | access-date = June 24, 2014}}

The 1948 Vanport Flood parallels the 2007 Hurricane Katrina disaster in New Orleans. In both cases, public officials led the population to believe that the damage would be slight, and in both cases the government response to the disaster was harshly criticized. Critics attributed the poor response, in both cases, to racist attitudes on the part of officials, who pointedly neglected to respond appropriately to the destruction of a community that had a relatively large number of Black residents. However, many dispute the role of racism, pointing to the transformation of Vanport by the influx of World War II veterans and their families and official commitment to the area shown by the establishment at Vanport of the only state college in the greater Portland metropolitan area.Portland State University Library Archives, Box 49. At the time of the flood, one-third of Vanport residents were Black.

{{main|1948 Columbia River flood}}

File:Vanport flood overturned cars.jpg

Vanport was especially vulnerable to flooding, since it was built on reclaimed lowlands along the Columbia River. The Columbia Basin is a massive area encompassing seven U.S. states as well as British Columbia. The previous winter snowpack was 75 to 135% of normal. Above normal temperatures accompanied two major rainstorms May 19 to 23, 1948, and again May 26 to 29.{{cite web|last1=Speers|first1=Douglas D.|last2=Barcellos|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Wortman|first3=Randal T.|title=The 1948 Flood on the Columbia River|url=https://westernsnowconference.org/sites/westernsnowconference.org/PDFs/1990Speers.pdf|year=1990|access-date=July 12, 2017}} In the days prior to the flood, rainfall combined with meltwater swelled the many tributaries that feed the Columbia River, creating high water levels that had not been seen since the record flood of 1894.{{cite web |url=http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?14105700

| title = USGS Real-Time Water Data for USGS 14105700 Columbia River at the Dalles, OR | publisher = United States Geological Survey |access-date=July 12, 2011 }} The lowest point in Vanport was about {{convert|15|ft|m}} below the water level in the river.{{sfn|Taylor|Hatton|1999|p=93}}

A radio alert was issued the night before the flood, and some residents moved their belongings into attics and upper floors. Few imagined the possible extent to which the water levels would rise. Another contributing factor to the lack of voluntary evacuation was the fact that many residents relied solely on public transportation.

On the morning of Memorial Day, May 30, 1948, the Housing Authority of Portland issued the following statement: "Remember: Dikes are safe at present. You will be warned if necessary. You will have time to leave. Don't get excited."{{sfn|Maben|1987|page=106}}{{Cite book| last1 = Freeman| first1 = Harry D| last2 = Jaeger| first2 = Harry D| last3 = Taylor| first3 = Roy W| title = Report on Vanport City flood disaster.| date = 1948}}, 2,3;

File:Aerial view of vanport flooded.jpg

At about 4:17 p.m. the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway berm burst,{{sfn|Taylor|Hatton|1999|p=93}} sending a {{convert|10|ft|m|0|adj=on}} wall of water into the area of Vanport College. According to a historical marker, the break happened at an old railroad cut that had been filled in.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180715064519/http://www.columbiariverimages.com/Images16/vanport_oregon_history_sign_detail_07-06-16.jpg Vanport history sign]}}, from {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006171305/http://columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/vanport.html The Columbia River - Vanport, the 1948 Vanport Flood, and the Vanport Wetlands]}} Because of the numerous sloughs and backwaters in the area, the progress of the flood was delayed about 30 minutes, giving residents more time to escape.

An emergency siren began to sound shortly after the initial breach, and residents began to head up North Denver Avenue to higher ground.

At the time of the flood, the population of Vanport was down to about 18,500 people. Because of the holiday, many residents were away from their homes for the day. These factors contributed to the low loss of life: officially, there were only 15 deaths. Nonetheless, the city was a complete loss.

On June 11, 1948, President Harry S. Truman flew to Portland to examine the damage.{{cite web |editor-last1=Peters |editor-first1=Gerhard |editor-last2=Woolley |editor-first2=John T. |publisher=University of California Santa Barbara|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/rear-platform-and-other-informal-remarks-oregon|title=Harry S. Truman: 126 - Rear Platform and Other Informal Remarks in Oregon, June 11, 1948|work=The American Presidency Project|access-date=February 11, 2019}} The recovery effort was assisted by Vanport College and the Red Cross.{{cite book|last=Epler|first=Stephen E.|title=Portland State University: The First 25 Years: 1955–1980|editor=John Eliot Allen|date=1980|publisher=Portland State University|oclc=16732141}}

{{see also|Kenton, Portland, Oregon}}

Vanport led Portland and Oregon in integrating Black people. "The first black teachers and policemen in the state were hired in Vanport during the war years".{{cite encyclopedia|author=Pearson, Rudy|title= Vanport (1942–1948)|url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aaw/vanport-1942-1948|encyclopedia=African American History in the American West: Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places|date= January 22, 2007|publisher=BlackPast.org|access-date=June 21, 2014}} One of those Black teachers, Martha Jordan, later became the first Black teacher hired by Portland Public Schools.Tim Hills, "Swept Away: Vanport and the Memorial Day Flood" Kennedy School, Portland, Oregon, May 18, 2009

File:Vanport College.jpg

Vanport's destruction eased the integration of a large African-American population into North and Northeast Portland. Indeed, some Black leaders argued that the flood was ultimately beneficial for the city's Black community. Vanport, argued National Urban League director Lester Granger, was a "nasty, segregated ghetto" where "negroes lived in the same patterns as they did in the South."{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The flood that wiped out the district, he continued, was a benefit in that it allowed Black people to further integrate into Portland's society."Vanport Deemed Ghetto," Oregon Journal, March 10, 1952.

To prevent future incidents, Congress enacted the Flood Control Act of 1950 which spawned projects such as the Priest Rapids Dam. The flood also resulted in the 1961 Columbia River Treaty and later the construction of Libby Dam in Montana.

The loss of Vanport is considered a factor in the eventual closing of the Jantzen Beach Amusement Park on Hayden Island in 1970.[http://www.pdxhistory.com/html/jantzen_beach.html Jantzen Beach Amusement Park was heralded as Portland’s Million Dollar Playground. When it opened on May 26, 1928, Jantzen Beach was the largest amusement park in the nation. The park sprawled over 123 acres at Hayden Island at the northern tip of Portland.] Several acres of the former city became "West Delta Park" which is now the Portland International Raceway. The Vanport Extension Center refused to close after the flood disaster and quickly reopened in downtown Portland. Dubbed by a national magazine "The College that Wouldn't Die," it became present-day Portland State University.{{Cite web |title=Vanport Extension Center |url=https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/vanport_extension_center/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.oregonencyclopedia.org |language=en}}

Beginning in 2016, the Vanport Mosaic Festival has been held annually to commemorate the city and its history.{{Cite web |last=Vondersmith |first=Jason |title=Oregon's lost city comes to life in Vanport Mosaic Festival |url=https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/11-features/545586-436720-oregons-lost-city-comes-to-life-in-vanport-mosaic-festival |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Portland Tribune |date=May 16, 2022 |language=en-us}}

{{reflist|2}}

• {{cite book|last=Maben|first=Manly|title=Vanport|publisher=Oregon Historical Society Press|year=1987|location=Portland|isbn=0-87595-118-X}}
• {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=George H.|last2=Hatton|first2=Raymond R. Hatton|title=The Oregon Weather Book: A State of Extremes|location=Corvallis, Oregon|publisher=Oregon State University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-87071-467-8}}

{{Commons category|Vanport, Oregon}}

• {{Oregon Encyclopedia|vanport|Vanport|author=Abbott, Carl}}
• Van Port Mosaic http://www.vanportmosaic.org/#a-forgotten-city
• [http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?&a=24762&c=27928 Aerial view of 1948 flood]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006171305/http://columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/vanport.html Vanport City, the 1948 Vanport Flood, and the Vanport Wetlands]}} with photos of gauge comparing 1894, 1948, and 1996 floods
• [http://ohs.org/education/focus/war-production.cfm War Production page] at Oregon Historical Society
• {{cite web |url=https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/essays/the-vanport-flood/ |title=The Vanport Flood |author=Michael N. McGregor |work=The Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |year=2003}}

• [https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/columbia_villa_new_columbia_/#.XDvyjc9KjjA Columbia Villa], a housing development for defense workers built in North Portland in the early 1940s
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20615713 Memories of the 1948 Vanport Flood] Personal recollections of life in Vanport, living through the flood, and its aftermath, from Oregon Historical Quarterly
• {{cite web | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/vanport-oregon-how-countrys-largest-housing-project-vanished-day-180954040/?no-ist | title = How Oregon's Second-Largest City Vanished in a Day | website = Smithsonian Magazine | last = Geiling | first = Natasha | date = February 18, 2015 }}
• [https://www.opb.org/radio/programs/think-out-loud/article/rebroadcast-vanport/ Think Out Loud: Vanport] Oregon Public Broadcasting
• [https://www.opb.org/television/programs/oregon-experience/article/vanport-2/ The Story of Vanport] Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting
• [http://www.sbe124.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Voices-of-Vanport.pdf The Voices of Vanport: Radio and the Flood of ‘48] Dan Howard (2020)

{{Oregon Modern History}}

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Category:1943 establishments in Oregon

Category:1948 disestablishments in Oregon

Category:African-American history in Portland, Oregon

Category:Anti-black racism in Oregon

Category:Company towns in Oregon

Category:East Columbia, Portland, Oregon

Category:Former populated places in Oregon

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Category:Multnomah County, Oregon

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