Vedi (altar)
{{Short description|Vedic sacrificial altar}}
{{italic title}}
File:Garhwal(4).jpg period (150 BCE - 250 CE).]]
Vedi ({{Langx|sa|वेदी|lit=altar|translit=Vedī}}) is the sacrificial altar in the Vedic religion.{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Vedi, Vedī, Vedin: 32 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vedi |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}} Such altars were an elevated outdoor enclosure, generally strewed with Kusha grass, and having receptacles for the sacrificial fire; it was of various shapes, but usually narrow in the middle.
File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg, an elaborate Śrauta ritual originating from the Kuru Kingdom, {{C.}} 1000 BCE]]
They were used in various types of Yajna rituals, of which the lengthiest was the agnicayana, lasting twelve days. In Vedic times, offerings, often including animals, were burnt in the fire, and fully consumed by it. This contrasts with modern Hindu offerings to gods, which are all vegetable, and are preserved to be consumed by the devotees (which was also the case in other religions, such as ancient Greek religion).
Fire altars remain part of the rituals in some Hindu festivals and rites of passage; in particular circling around a sacred fire (saptapadi) remains an essential part of Hindu weddings.
Although Agni, the Vedic god of fire, has an important place in the mandala setting out the plan in Hindu temple architecture, in the south-east part of the temple, fire altars are not now a normal part of regular Hindu temple rituals. Modern fire sacrifices are covered at Homa rituals.
Types
As deduced from descriptions in ancient texts, the types of vedi were:
- {{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}}, the great or entire altar
- {{Lang|sa-latn|uttaravedi}}, the northern altar made for the sacred fire ({{Lang|sa-latn|agnyayatana}})
- {{Lang|sa-latn|dhishnya}}, a sort of subordinate or side-altar, generally a heap of earth covered with sand on which the fire is placed
- {{Lang|sa-latn|drona}}, an altar shaped like a trough (Shulbas. 3.216)
- {{Lang|sa-latn|adhvaradhishnya}}, a second altar at the Soma sacrifice
The {{Lang|sa-latn|uttaravedi}} was in the shape of a falcon ({{Lang|sa-latn|alajacita}} 'piled up in the shape of the bird Alaja'), and was piled up with bricks in the Agnicayana ritual.
Vedic altars are described in the circum-Vedic texts dealing with Kalpa (the proper performance of sacrifice), notably the Satapatha Brahmana, and the Sulbasutras say that the Rigveda corresponds to an altar of mantras.BSS 7, ASS 14.
Fire altars are already mentioned in the Rigveda. According to Taittiriya Samhita 5.2.3., they are made of twenty-one bricks.
In ŚBM 10.4.3.14-20, the altar is made of 396 (360 + 36) {{Lang|sa-latn|yajusmati}} (special) bricks, and of 10,800 {{Lang|sa-latn|lokamprna}} (ordinary) bricks. 10,701 {{Lang|sa-latn|lokamprna}} bricks belong to the {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} altar, 78 to the {{Lang|sa-latn|dhisnya}} hearths and 21 to the {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}}. Around the altar are 360 {{Lang|sa-latn|parisrita}} stones (261 around {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}}, 78 around {{Lang|sa-latn|dhisnya}}, 21 around {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}}).
ŚBM 10.3.1. describes that the altar is symbolically built with gayatri (24 syllables), {{Lang|sa-latn|usnih}} (breath, 28 syllables), {{Lang|sa-latn|pankti}} (mind, 40 syllables), tristubh (ear, 44 syllables), {{Lang|sa-latn|jagati}} (awakening) (48 syllables) and generative breath. The {{Lang|sa-latn|gayatri}} altar's height is to the knees, the {{Lang|sa-latn|tristubh}}
Agnicayana
{{main|Agnicayana}}
| class=wikitable |
| Layer
|Number of {{Lang|sa-latn|yajusmati}} bricks in SB |
| 5
|138 |
| 4
|47 |
| 3
|71 |
| 2
|41 |
| 1
|98 |
In the Agnicayana ritual, the {{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}} (great altar) has a length of 24 prakrama in the east, 30 in the west and 36 in the north and south.With 24+30+36=90. Inside the {{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}}, an altar is placed. In the smaller ritual space to the west of the {{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}} ({{Lang|sa-latn|pracinavamsa}}, {{Lang|sa-latn|pragvamsa}}), three altars are placed: the {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}} (earth, west), {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} (sky, east) and {{Lang|sa-latn|daksinagni}} (or {{Lang|sa-latn|anvaharyapacana}}, southwest). The round {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}} and the square {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} have the same area.(one square vyama/purusa) SB 7. TS 5. The Squaring the circle problem was also investigated because of such ritualistic considerations.Kak (2000) The {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} altar has five layers ({{Lang|sa-latn|citi}}), representing earth, space and the sky.
Archaeology
The earliest falcon-shaped vedi are dated to the period of Kuninda Kingdom, between 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE,{{Cite news |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=2023-01-27 |title=How the Gayatri Mantra, composed by men, heard by men, for a male deity, became embodied as a goddess |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/how-the-gayatri-mantra-composed-by-men-heard-by-men-for-a-male-deity-became-embodied-as-a-goddess/article66416316.ece |access-date=2023-04-23 |issn=0971-751X}} examples being discovered at Purola, Uttarkashi,{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 |title=Archaeological Survey of India Dehradun Circle -Uttarkashi |url=http://asidehraduncircle.in/uttarkashi.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423081256/http://asidehraduncircle.in/uttarkashi.html |archive-date=2023-04-23 }} and Kosambi, Kaushambi.{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18859 |title=Excavations at Kausambi (1957-59) |date=1960 |language=English}}
See also
Notes
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References
- Subhash Kak. Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy. In Astronomy across cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy, Helaine Selin (ed), Kluwer, 2000
- Subhash Kak, The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 2000, {{ISBN|81-215-0986-6}}.
- Sen, S.N., and A.K. Bag. 1983. The Sulbasutras. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
- Frits Staal, Agni, the Vedic ritual of the fire altar (1983).
External links
- {{Commonscatinline}}
- http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/george/vedi.html
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