Venice Film Festival#Awards

During the 1930s, the government and Italian citizens were heavily interested in film. Of the money Italians spent on cultural or sporting events, most of it went for movies.{{Cite book|title=Italian Fascism's Empire Cinema|last=Ben-Ghiat|first=Ruth|author-link=Ruth Ben-Ghiat|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2015|pages=4–5}} The majority of films screened in Italy were American, which led to government involvement in the film industry and the yearning to celebrate Italian culture in general.{{Cite journal|last1=Taillibert|first1=Christel|last2=Wäfler|first2=John|date=2 January 2016|title=Groundwork for a (pre)history of film festivals|journal=New Review of Film and Television Studies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=5–21|doi=10.1080/17400309.2015.1106688|s2cid=190859918|issn=1740-0309|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02177501/file/Taillibert-W%C3%A4fler.%20Groundwork%20for%20a%20%28Pre%29History%20of%20Film%20Festivals.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305143640/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02177501/file/Taillibert-W%C3%A4fler.%20Groundwork%20for%20a%20%28Pre%29History%20of%20Film%20Festivals.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2020|url-status=live}} With this in mind, the Venice International Film Festival was created by Giuseppe Volpi, Luciano de Feo, and Antonio Maraini in 1932.{{Cite book|title=Venice: The Biography of a City|last=Hibbert|first=Christopher|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.|year=1989|isbn=978-0-393-02676-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/venice00chri/page/315 315–320]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/venice00chri/page/315}}{{Cite web|url=http://asac.labiennale.org/it/|title=ASAC Dati|website=asac.labiennale.org|language=it|access-date=29 November 2018}} Volpi, a statesman, wealthy businessman, and avid fascist who had been Benito Mussolini's minister of finance, was appointed president of the Venice Biennale the same year. Maraini served as the festival's secretary general, and de Feo headed its executive committee.

On the night of 6 August 1932, the festival opened with a screening of the American film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde on the terrace of the Excelsior Palace Hotel. A total of nine countries participated in the festival, which ended on 21 August.

No awards were given at the first festival, but an audience referendum was held to determine which films and performances were most praiseworthy. The French film À Nous la Liberté was voted the Film Più Divertente (the Funniest Film). The Sin of Madelon Claudet was chosen the Film Più Commovente (the Most Moving Film) and its star, Helen Hayes, the best actress. Most Original Film (Film dalla fantasia più originale) was given to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and its leading man, Fredric March, was voted best actor.

Despite the success of the first festival, it did not return in 1933. In 1934, the festival was declared to be an annual event, and participation grew from nine countries to seventeen. That year the festival also gave its first official awards, namely the Mussolini Cup for Best Italian Film, the Mussolini Cup for Best Foreign Film, and the Corporations Ministry Cup. Seventeen awards were given: fourteen to films and three to individuals. Five films received honorable mentions.

The third installment of the festival in 1935 was headed by its first artistic director, Ottavio Croze, who maintained this position until World War II. The following year, a jury was added to the festival's governing body; it had no foreign members. The majority of funds for the festival came from the Ministry of Popular Culture, with other portions from the Biennale and the city of Venice.{{Citation|last=Stone|first=Marla|title=The Last Film Festival|work=Re-viewing Fascism|pages=293–314|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253109149|doi=10.2307/j.ctt2005t72.15|year=2002}}

The year 1936 marked another important development in the festival. A law crafted by the Ministry of Popular Culture made the festival an autonomous entity, separate from the main Venice Biennale. This allowed additional fascist organizations, such as the Department of Cinema and the Fascist National Federation of Entertainment Industries, to control it.

The fifth year of the festival saw the establishment of its permanent home. Designed and completed in 1937, the Palazzo del Cinema was built on the Lido. It has since been the site for every Venice Film Festival, except the three years from 1940 to 1942, when it was held outside of Venice fear of bombing that never came.

File:Mostra di Venezia al Palazzo Ducale 1947.jpg in Piazza San Marco hosted the 1947 edition.]]

The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the festival itself. Nazi propaganda movie Heimkehr was presented in 1941 winning an award from the Italian Ministry of Popular Culture. With the advent of the conflict the situation degenerated to such a point that the editions of 1940, 1941 and 1942, subsequently are considered as if they did not happen because they were carried out in places far away from Lido. Additionally, the festival was renamed the Italian-German Film Festival (Manifestazione Cinematografica Italo-Germanica) in 1940. The festival carried this title until 1942 when the festival was suspended due to war.

The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war. For the first time, the 1946 edition was held in the month of September, in accordance with an agreement with the newly reborn Cannes Film Festival, which had just held its first review in the spring of that year. With the return to normality, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world.

In 1947, the festival was held in the courtyard of the Doge's Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants. The 1947 festival is widely considered one of the most successful editions in the history of the festival.{{cite web| title = History of the Venice Film Festival| url = http://www.labiennale.org/en/history-venice-film-festival | access-date = 9 September 2018 | date = 7 December 2017 }}

File:Aldo Moro, Pier Paolo Pasolini - Venezia 1964.jpg and Pier Paolo Pasolini together in Venice at the premiere of the movie The Gospel According to St. Matthew in 1964]]

In 1963 the winds of change blew strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival (1963–1968). During the years of his directorship, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. For six years the festival followed a consistent path, according to the rigid criteria put in place for the selection of works in competition, and took a firm stand against the political pressures and interference of more and more demanding movie studios, preferring the artistic quality of films to the growing commercialization of the film industry.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale. From 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition due to the Years of Lead. In 1973, 1977 and 1978, the festival was not even held. The Golden Lion didn't make its return until 1980.

The long-awaited rebirth came in 1979, thanks to the new director Carlo Lizzani (1979–1983), who decided to restore the image and value the festival had lost over the last decade. The 1979 edition laid the foundation for the restoration of international prestige. In an attempt to create a more modern image of the festival, the neo-director created a committee of experts to assist in selecting the works and to increase the diversity of submissions to the festival.

In 2004 an independent and parallel film festival, Giornate degli Autori, was created in association with the festival.

To celebrate the 70th edition of the festival, in 2013 the new section "Venezia 70 – Future Reloaded" was created.

{{anchor|Alberto Barbera}} During the recent years, under the direction of Alberto Barbera, the festival established itself as an Oscars launchpad,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jul/25/venice-film-festival-2018-mike-leigh-coen-brothers-peterloo-ballad-buster-scruggs|title=Best program ever: Mike Leigh, Coens and Cuaron set for Venice film festival|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date=9 September 2018|date=25 July 2018|last1=Shoard|first1=Catherine}} increasing the presence of American movies and hosting the world premieres of Academy Award–winning films such as Gravity (2013), Birdman (2014), Spotlight (2015), La La Land (2016), The Shape of Water (2017), The Favourite (2018), Roma (2018), Joker (2019), Nomadland (2020), Dune (2021), The Whale (2022) and Poor Things (2023).

In 2017 a new section for virtual reality films was introduced. Initially this section was called Venice Virtual Reality, but in 2022 the organisation announced the new name to be Venice Immersive.{{cite web |title=La Biennale Cinema 2022: Venice Immersive |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2022/venice-immersive-0 |website=La Biennale |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=14 November 2023}} The Venice Film Festival was the first of the "Big Five" international film festivals worldwide to introduce virtual reality to the festival programme.{{cite web |last1=O’Callaghan |first1=Paul |title=Immersion island: virtual reality at the 2017 Venice Film Festival |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/reviews-recommendations/vr-venice-film-festival |website=www.bfi.org.uk |date=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=14 November 2023}} Therefore, Venice Immersive is globally the most important podium for the emerging medium within film to date.{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Xan |date=2023-09-04 |title=Venice's brave new world: my cosmic trip to Immersion Island and back |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/sep/04/venice-immersion-island-lazzaretto-vecchio-venice-film-festival-immersive |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Venice Immersive: the Virtual Reality side of a film festival by Jose Antunes - ProVideo Coalition |url=https://www.provideocoalition.com/venice-immersive-the-virtual-reality-side-of-a-film-festival/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}}

In 2018 Roma by Alfonso Cuarón won the Golden Lion and became the first movie produced by a streaming service, Netflix, to win at a major film festival.{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/venice-film-festival-complete-list-of-winners-updated-live-1202933206/|title=Venice Film Festival winner list|work= Variety|access-date=9 September 2018|date=8 September 2018}}

The president of the Venice Biennale represents the festival in front of its financial partner, the public authorities, and the media. He is chosen by the Italian Ministry of Culture every 4 years. The current president is Pietrangelo Buttafuoco, appointed on 20 March 2024.{{in lang|it}} [https://www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/arte-mostre-e-fotografia/2020/01/28/news/biennale_di_venezia_roberto_cicutto_nominato_presidente-246993931/ Biennale di Venezia, Roberto Cicutto nominato presidente] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605170305/https://www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/arte-mostre-e-fotografia/2020/01/28/news/biennale_di_venezia_roberto_cicutto_nominato_presidente-246993931/ |date=5 June 2021 }}, la Repubblica, 28 January 2020 Previously the post has been held by Paolo Baratta (2008–2020) and Roberto Cicutto (2020–2024).

The director of the Festival is responsible for coordinating the events and is chosen by the president of the Venice Biennale and its delegates. The current director Alberto Barbera was appointed on 27 December 2011. On 27 October 2020 Barbera's term was renewed for 4 more years until 2024.[https://www.screendaily.com/news/venice-film-festival-extends-alberto-barbera-as-artistic-director-to-2024/5154389.article Venice Film Festival extends Alberto Barbera as artistic director to 2024] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605165942/https://www.screendaily.com/news/venice-film-festival-extends-alberto-barbera-as-artistic-director-to-2024/5154389.article |date=5 June 2021 }}, Screendaily.com, 28 October 2020 In May 2024, his last mandate was extended until 2026.{{cite news |last1=Roxborough |first1=Scott |title=Alberto Barbera Extends Contract as Venice Film Festival Director Through 2026 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/venice-film-festival-alberto-barbera-director-2026-1235895533/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=10 May 2024}} He previously held the position from 1998 to 2002.

The goal of the Venice Film Festival is to "raise awareness and promote international cinema in all its forms, including art, entertainment and industry, in a spirit of freedom and dialogue."{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Biennale Cinema 2022 {{!}} 79th Festival |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2022/79th-festival |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}} The Venice Film Festival is organized in various sections:{{Cite web|date=2019-01-08|title=Biennale Cinema 2019 {{!}} Regulations|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2019/regulations|access-date=2021-01-18|website=La Biennale di Venezia|language=en}}

• Official Selection - The main event of the festival.
• In Competition - About 21 films competing for the Golden Lion.
• Out of Competition - Maximum of 18 important works of the year will be presented but do not compete for the main prize.
• Orizzonti - The films that represent the latest trends in international cinema by young talents will be presented.
• Venice Classics - Selection of the finest restoration of classic films will be featured.
• Sconfini - Maximum of 10 works that typically includes art house and genre films, experimental works, TV series and cross-media productions will be featured.
• Venice Immersive - Maximum of 30 works in competition and out of competition will be presented.{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=Biennale Cinema 2023 {{!}} Venice Immersive |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2023/venice-immersive-0 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}
• Independent and Parallel Sections - These are alternative programmes dedicated to discover other aspects of cinema.
• International Critics' Week - No more than 8 debut films will be screened with its own regulations.
• Giornate degli Autori - No more than 12 films will be promoted by ANAC and 100 Autori Association.

File:Todd Philips Venezia 2019.jpg with the Golden Lion won by his film Joker at the 2019 edition]]

File:Valeria Golino, Venice 2015 (cropped).jpg winning the Volpi Cup for Best Actress in 2015 for Per amor vostro]]

File:Abraham Attah (cropped).jpg winning the Marcello Mastroianni Award in 2015 for Beasts of No Nation]]

The Film Festival has four Juries to judge the entries: Venezia 79, Orizzonti, Premio Venezia Opera Prima “Luigi De Laurentiis”, and Venice Immersive.{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Biennale Cinema 2022 {{!}} 79th Festival |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2022/79th-festival |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}} The Film Festival's current awards are:

• Golden Lion (Leone d'Oro), awarded to the best film screened in competition at the festival. The award was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of San Marco
• Grand Jury Prize, awarded to the second best film screened in competition at the festival
• Silver Lion (Leone d'Argento), awarded to the best director in the competitive section
• Special Jury Prize, awarded to the third best film screened in competition at the festival
• Volpi Cup (Coppa Volpi), awarded to the best actor/actress
• See – Volpi Cup for Best Actor
• See – Volpi Cup for Best Actress
• Best Screenplay, awarded to the best screenwriter in the competitive section
• Golden Osella (Osella d'Oro), awarded for outstanding creative and technical contributions
• Marcello Mastroianni Award, instituted in 1998 in honor of Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni, who died in 1996. The award was created to acknowledge an emerging actor or actress{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/the-city/events-in-venice/venice-film-festival/awards-and-acknowledgements/marcello-mastroianni-award|title=Carnival of Venice, Marcello Mastroianni Award|work=Carnival of Venice|access-date=29 September 2014}}
• Special Lion, awarded for an overall work to a director or actor of a film presented in the main competition section.

This section is open to all "custom-format" works, with a wider view towards new trends in the expressive languages that converge in film. Starting from the 67th edition of the festival, four awards of the Orizzonti section have been established:{{cite web |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/news/orizzonti-2.html |title=Four new "Orizzonti" awards |work=labiennale.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326132903/http://www.labiennale.org/en/news/orizzonti-2.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 |access-date=26 April 2018 }}

• The Orizzonti Award for Feature Films
• The Special Orizzonti Jury Prize (for feature films)
• The Orizzonti Award for Short Film
• The Orizzonti Award for Medium-length Film

More awards were added in the following years:

• The Orizzonti Award for Best Director
• The Orizzonti Award for Best Actor
• The Orizzonti Award for Best Actress
• The Orizzonti Award for Best Screenplay

This is the Extended Reality section of the Venice Film Festival and Venice Biennale, founded in 2017. This section is devoted entirely to immersive media and includes all Extended Reality means of creative and cinematographic expression.{{cite web |title=Biennale Cinema 2023: Venice Immersive |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2023/venice-immersive-0 |website=La Biennale Cinema |date=2 August 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023}}

The awards under this section are:{{cite web |title=Official 2023 Venice Immersive selection announced |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/news/official-2023-venice-immersive-selection-announced |website=www.labiennale.org|date=20 July 2023 }}

• Venice Immersive Grand Prize (Gran Premio)
• Venice Immersive Special Jury Prize (Premio Speciale della Giuria)
• Venice Immersive Achievement Prize (Premio per la Realizzazione)

The Giornate degli Autori (formerly Venice Days) is an independent and parallel section founded in 2004 in association with Venice Film Festival. It is modeled on the Directors' Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival. Anac and 100autori which are both associations of Italian film directors and authors are engaged to support and promote the Giornate.

The awards under this sections are:{{Cite web|date=2019-08-22|title=Biennale Cinema 2019 {{!}} The Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) Award|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/news/hollywood-foreign-press-association-hfpa-award|access-date=2021-01-18|website=La Biennale di Venezia|language=en}}

• Giornate Degli Autori (GDA) Award
• Label Europa Cinema Award
• BNP Paribas People's Choice Award

File:Приз Лев Будущего. Венецианский кинофестиваль.jpg

All the debut feature films in the various competitive sections in the Venice Film Festival, whether in Official Selection or Independent and Parallel Sections, are eligible for this award. The winner will be awarded a prize of US$100,000, which to be divided equally between the director and the producer.

File:65th venice film festival.jpg during the 65th Venice International Film Festival]]

File:74 Venice Film Festival - 2 September 2017 (36586985330).jpg]]

Glory to the Filmmaker Award, organized in collaboration with Jaeger-LeCoultre (2006–2020) and Cartier (from 2021), is dedicated to personalities who have made a significant contribution to contemporary cinema.{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/the-city/events-in-venice/venice-film-festival/history-of-the-venice-film-festival/the-1930s|title=Carnival of Venice, Portale di Venezia – The 1930s|work=Carnival of Venice|access-date=29 September 2014}}

At the first film festival in 1932, due to the lack of a jury and the awarding of official awards, the list of thanks was decided by public voting, which was determined by the number of people flocking to the film and announced by the organizing committee. As a result, it was announced that the best director was Nikolai Ekk's film The Road to Life from Russia, while René Clair's film The Road to Freedom was selected as the best film.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

The Mussolini Cup was the top award from 1934 to 1942 for Best Italian and Best Foreign Film. Named after Italy's dictator Benito Mussolini, it was abandoned upon his ousting in 1943.{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/the30s.html|website=La Biennale di Venezia |title=The 30s|access-date=29 September 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.labiennale.org:80/en/cinema/awards/index.html |title=Golden Lions and major awards of the Venice Film Festival |work=La Biennale |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040414053549/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/awards/index.html |archive-date=14 April 2004 |access-date=22 July 2018 }}

{{lang|it|Le Grandi Medaglie d'Oro dell'Associazione Nazionale Fascista dello Spettacolo}} was awarded to Best Actor and Best Actress. It was later replaced by the Volpi Cup for actors and actresses.

The first time this prize was awarded to Katharine Hepburn for her role in Little Women by George Cukor.

In the first edition of the festival in 1932, due to the lack of a jury and the awarding of official prizes, a list of acknowledgements was decided by popular vote, a tally determined by the number of people flocking to the films, and announced by the Organizing Committee. From this, the Best Director was awarded to Russian Nikolai Ekk for the film Road to Life, while {{lang|fr|À Nous la Liberté}} by René Clair was voted Best Film.

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• Venice Biennale
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• {{cite book | author=Brunetta, Gian Piero | title=La Mostra internazionale d'arte cinematografica di Venezia 1932–2022 | location=Venezia | publisher=Marsilio | year=2022 | isbn=978-88-297-1504-6 | language=Italian }}

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Category:Film festivals in Italy

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Category:Film festivals established in 1932

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