Ventotene Manifesto
{{Short description|European federalism manifesto}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
The Ventotene Manifesto ({{langx|it|Manifesto di Ventotene}}), officially entitled For a Free and United Europe. A Draft Manifesto (Per un'Europa libera e unita. Progetto d'un manifesto), is a political statement written by Altiero Spinelli, Ernesto Rossi, and Eugenio Colorni,{{cite web | title=History and achievements | website=Union of European Federalists | date=2023-08-29 | url=https://federalists.eu/history-and-achievements/ | access-date=2023-11-13}}{{cite web|url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history_en|title=The history of the European Union|last=Anonymous|date=16 June 2016|website=European Union}} while they were imprisoned on the Italian islet Santo Stefano off the island of Ventotene during World War II. Completed in June 1941, the manifesto was circulated within the Italian Resistance, and it soon became the programme of the Movimento Federalista Europeo. It called for a socialist federation of Europe and the world. In the text, European federalism and world federalism are presented as a way to prevent future wars. Vayssière notes that the manifesto is widely seen as the birth of European federalism. Spinelli, who was later elected to the European Parliament within the Italian Communist Party lists, became a leader of the federalist movement due to his primary authorship of the Manifesto and his postwar advocacy. The manifesto called for a break with Europe's past to form a new political system through a restructuring of politics and extensive social reform. It was presented not as an ideal, but as the best option for Europe's postwar condition.Bertrand Vayssière, "Le Manifeste de Ventotene (1941): Acte de Naissance du Federalisme Europeen," Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (Jan 2005), Vol. 55 Issue 217, pp69-76
Key text
The Ventotene Manifestos key proposal was a federated European republic.{{cite book |last1=Arban |first1=Erika |title=Italian Regionalism and the Federal Challenge Reconciling Economic Regionalism and Solidarity |date=2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=53}} Once this was established, it would wait for the possibility of world federalism.{{cite book |title=The European Union and Its Political Leaders Understanding the Integration Process |date=2022 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |page=143}}
The Manifesto criticised the "capitalist imperialism which our own generation has seen expand to the point of
forming totalitarian states and to the unleashing of world wars".{{cite book |title=Continental Plans for European Union 1939–1945 |date=2019 |publisher=De Gruyter |page=474}} It took aim at the League of Nations which was described as useless and "even harmful". The League had no military force and therefore could not impose its decisions.{{cite book |title=Fundamental Perspectives on International Law |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=345}}
The most important assessment was the assertion that
:"The dividing line between progressive and reactionary parties no longer follows the formal line of greater or lesser democracy, or of more or less socialism to be instituted; rather the division falls along the line, very new and substantial, that separates the party members into two groups. The first is made up of those who conceive the essential purpose and goal of struggle as the ancient one, that is, the conquest of national political power – and who, although involuntarily, play into the hands of reactionary forces, letting the incandescent lava of popular passions set in the old moulds, and thus allowing old absurdities to arise once again. The second are those who see the creation of a solid international State as the main purpose; they will direct popular forces toward this goal, and, having won national power, will use it first and foremost as an instrument for achieving international unity.""La linea di divisione fra i partiti progressisti e partiti reazionari cade perciò ormai, non lungo la linea formale della maggiore o minore democrazia, del maggiore o minore socialismo da istituire, ma lungo la sostanziale nuovissima linea che separa coloro che concepiscono, come campo centrale della lotta quello antico, cioè la conquista e le forme del potere politico nazionale, e che faranno, sia pure involontariamente il gioco delle forze reazionarie, lasciando che la lava incandescente delle passioni popolari torni a solidificarsi nel vecchio stampo e che risorgano le vecchie assurdità, e quelli che vedranno come compito centrale la creazione di un solido stato internazionale, che indirizzeranno verso questo scopo le forze popolari e, anche conquistato il potere nazionale, lo adopereranno in primissima linea come strumento per realizzare l'unità internazionale"
=Socialism and communism=
The document declared that "the European revolution must be socialist, that is it must have as its goal the emancipation of the working classes and the realization for them of more humane living conditions".{{cite book |last1=Wiesner |first1=Claudia |title=Inventing the EU as a Democratic Polity Concepts, Actors and Controversies |date=2018 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |page=91}} However, it opposed "doctrinaire" formulations of transitions to socialism and said "private property must be abolished, limited, corrected, extended: instance by instance, however, not
dogmatically according to principle".{{cite book |title=The Cold War: Interpreting Conflict Through Primary Documents: Volume 1 |date=2018 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=114}}
It commended communists for being the most efficiently organised of political groupings, but said they had flaws in that they had a "dependence upon
the Russian State" and possessed a sectarian nature which prevented them from working with others, which can weaken "the sum of the progressive forces".{{cite book |title=Altiero Spinelli and British Federalists Writings by Beveridge, Robbins and Spinelli 1937-1943 |date=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic Publishing |pages=78–9}} A movement should criticise "old, political statements" while knowing how to collaborate with other groups without becoming "ensnared by the political practices of any of these".{{cite book |title=The Cold War: Interpreting Conflict Through Primary Documents: Volume 1 |date=2018 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=111}}
= Criticisms and controversial statements =
Albeit considered one of the founding documents of the European Union, the Ventotene manifesto includes some anti-democratic statements. For example, "the democratic political methodology will be a dead weight in the revolutionary crisis”.{{Cite web |last=Spinelli |first=Altero |title=Manifesto di Ventotene |url=https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg18/file/repository/relazioni/libreria/novita/XVII/Per_unEuropa_libera_e_unita_Ventotene6.763_KB.pdf}} On the other hand the text is very critical toward Soviet Russian style of communism, and affirms that "The orientation to be chosen for the steps to take must not, however, depend solely on the purely doctrinaire principle which states that the private ownership of the material means of production must, as a general rule, be abolished, and that it can be tolerated only temporarily when there is no other choice to be made."{{Cite web |date=2013-02-12 |title=The Manifesto of Ventotene (1941) |url=https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/the_manifesto_of_ventotene_1941-en-316aa96c-e7ff-4b9e-b43a-958e96afbecc.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=CVCE.EU by UNI.LU |language=en}}
Editions
- Il Manifesto di Ventotene / The Ventotene Manifesto, Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi, preface by Eugenio Colorni. Foreword by Laura Boldrini, introductions by Lucio Levi and Pier Virgilio Dastoli. [http://www.libreriaeditriceultimaspiaggia.it Editrice Ultima spiaggia], book series "Sand Grains" by Nicola Vallinoto, July 2016. [Bilingual edition Italian and English]
Notes
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External links
- [https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1997/10/13/316aa96c-e7ff-4b9e-b43a-958e96afbecc/publishable_en.pdf] The Manifesto of Ventotene (English translation)
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