Venustulus

Venustulus is the third largest member of its grouping just behind Willwerathia and Weinbergina respectively. This arthropod appears to be blind due to the lack of eyes on its carapace, suggesting it lived either in deep water or buried in the sediments. Unlike modern horseshoe crabs, the prosomal appendages of Venustulus covered less of the total carapace length. The animals carapace is semi-circular in shape and has a procurved posterior area. The genal areas (sides of the head) of the arthropod are angular in shape, but are not developed into the genal spines seen on some trilobites and xiphosurans. The opisthosomal region of the arthropod is mainly composed of ten articulating segments. This creature was once considered the earliest known member of its grouping, however more recently synziphosuran fossils have been found in earlier Ordovician deposits.{{Cite journal |last1=Bicknell |first1=Russell D. C. |last2=Pates |first2=Stephen |date=2020 |title=Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |language=en |volume=8 |page=98 |bibcode=2020FrEaS...8...98B |doi=10.3389/feart.2020.00098 |issn=2296-6463 |doi-access=free}} This arthropods five-six pair of appendages contrasts the seven usually seen in other synziphosurans, possibly suggesting that this creature represents a more derived form than other members of its grouping.

The genus name Venustulus derives from Latin and means "charming". The species name waukeshaensis is derived from the town of Waukesha where the biota containing the fossils is found. This chelicerate, along with many of the other animals of the biota (like Parioscorpio and Thylacares) were discovered in 1985, but were not given scientific names until decades later.{{cite journal |last1=Mikulic |first1=D.G. |last2=Briggs |first2=D.E.G. |last3=Kluessendorf |first3=J. |year=1985 |title=A new exceptionally preserved biota from the Lower Silurian of Wisconsin, U.S.A. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253230954 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B |volume=311 |issue=1148 |pages=75–85 |bibcode=1985RSPTB.311...75M |doi=10.1098/rstb.1985.0140}} Venustulus was formally described in 2005, and was based on eight specimens that are currently held in the UW–Madison Geology Museum. These specimens vary in quality with three being almost complete and the other five only being the prosoma and opisthosoma of the arthropod.

File:Fossil specimen of Venustulus (Synziphosurina) from the Waukesha lagerstätte.jpg

The synziphosuran grouping is divided into multiple families including the Bunodidae, the Pseudoniscidae, and the Weinberginidae.{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Rachel A. |last2=Briggs |first2=Derek E. G. |last3=Bartels |first3=Christoph |year=2005 |title=A new specimen of Weinbergina opitzi (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Lower Devonian Hunsriick Slate, Germany |url=https://www.academia.edu/34194640 |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=399–408 |doi=10.1007/BF02991931 |issn=0031-0220 |s2cid=84994966}} Although the taxonomic relationships of Venustulus are still up for debate, the paper that described it noted that the arthropod has shared characteristics more similar to the weinberginid synziphosurans Weinbergina, Legrandella and Willwerathia. As a group the synziphosurans were first regarded as basal members of the xiphosuran lineage, however more recently they have been found to be more closely related to more primitive chelicerate arthropods and only distantly related to the xiphosurans.

The oceans that covered Waukesha were a diverse and bustling ecosystem that housed a variety of strange fauna. Arthropods like Venustulus were abundant and diverse with many species of trilobites, a possible cheloniellid, a thylacocephalan, phyllocarids, and several arthropods like Parioscorpio and the "butterfly animal" being enigmatic in their taxonomy.{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Evan P |last2=Schiffbauer |first2=James D. |last3=Jacquet |first3=Sarah M. |last4=Lamsdell |first4=James C. |last5=Kluessendorf |first5=Joanne |last6=Mikulic |first6=Donald G. |date=2021 |title=Stranger than a scorpion: a reassessment of Parioscorpio venator, a problematic arthropod from the Llandoverian Waukesha Lagerstätte |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pala.12534 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=429–474 |doi=10.1111/pala.12534 |s2cid=234812878 |issn=1475-4983|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Ronald C. |last2=Gunderson |first2=Gerald O. |date=1986-11-01 |title=Discovering a New Silurian Soft-Bodied Fauna |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1986.11768462 |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=310–319 |doi=10.1080/00357529.1986.11768462 |issn=0035-7529|url-access=subscription }} Also inhabiting the area were multiple soft-bodied animals like annelid worms and lobopodians. Multiple chordates also lived in the area evidenced by fossils including an extremely rare body fossil of the conodont Panderodus.{{cite journal |last1=Murdock |first1=Duncan J. E. |last2=Smith |first2=M. Paul |date=2021 |title=Panderodus from the Waukesha Lagerstätte of Wisconsin, USA: a primitive macrophagous vertebrate predator |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1977–1993 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1389 |s2cid=237769553|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:45133f30-f1a9-49ba-8383-acf7b3470fcf |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }} Bizarrely, animals like brachiopods, cephalopods, clams, snails, crinoids, and sponges which are common in most Silurian environments, are rarely found in this biota, but conulariids are still somewhat common.{{cite journal |last1=Wendruff |first1=A.J. |last2=Babcock |first2=L.E. |last3=Kluessendorf |first3=J. |last4=Mikulic |first4=D.G. |year=2020 |title=Paleobiology and Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved organisms from the Waukesha Biota (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018220300754 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=546 |page=109631 |bibcode=2020PPP...546j9631W |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109631 |s2cid=212824469|url-access=subscription }} Interestingly it seems there could be another possible synziphosuran from the same deposits as Venustulus, but the fossils are too fragmentary to consider it a unique genus.

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Category:Synziphosurina

Category:Prosomapoda

Category:Silurian first appearances

Category:Silurian arthropods

Category:Fossils of the United States

Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005