Veratrum viride

File:Veratrum_viride_6061.JPG in Washington state]]

V. viride is a herbaceous perennial plant reaching {{convert|0.7|to|2|m|ft}} tall, with a solid green stem. The leaves are spirally arranged, {{convert|10|to|35|cm|abbr=on|0}} long and {{convert|5|to|20|cm|abbr=on|0}} broad, elliptic to broad lanceolate ending in a short point, heavily ribbed and hairy on the underside. The flowers are numerous, produced in a large branched inflorescence {{convert|30|to|70|cm|ft|abbr=on|1}} tall; each flower is {{convert|5|to|12|mm|abbr=on|1}} long, with six green to yellow-green tepals. The fruit is a capsule {{convert|1.5|to|3|cm|abbr=on|1}} long, which splits into three sections at maturity to release the numerous flat {{convert|8|to|10|mm|abbr=on|1}} diameter seeds. The plant reproduces through rhizome growth as well as seeds.Plants of British Columbia: [http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Veratrum+viride Veratrum viride]Jepson Flora [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Veratrum+viride Veratrum viride]Columbia River Gorge plants: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040514025137/http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/nature/gorge/3petal/lily/green.htm Green False Hellebore]

There are two recognized varieties of V. viride:

• Veratrum viride var. viride is found in eastern North America. It is differentiated by the erect or spreading side branches of the inflorescence.
• Veratrum viride var. eschscholzianum is found in western North America. It is differentiated by the drooping side branches of the inflorescence.

The related western North American Veratrum californicum (white false hellebore, California corn-lily) can be distinguished from sympatric var. eschscholzianum by its whiter flowers and the erect/ascending side branches of the inflorescence.

In eastern North America, var. viride occurs from southwestern Labrador and southern Quebec south to northern Georgia. In the west, var. eschscholzianum occurs from Alaska and Northwest Territory south through Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Oregon to northwestern California (Del Norte, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Humboldt Counties).[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Veratrum%20viride.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map][http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Veratrum+viride Calflora taxon report, University of California, Veratrum viride Aiton American false hellebore, White false hellebore, green false hellebore ]

It is found in wet soils in meadows, sunny streambanks, and open forests, occurring from sea level in the north of its range up to {{convert|1600|m}} in the southeast and {{convert|2500|m}} in the southwest.

==Medicine==

The plant is highly toxic, causing nausea and vomiting. If the poison is not evacuated, cold sweat and vertigo appear. Respiration slows, while cardiac rhythm and blood pressure fall.{{Cite book|last=Elias|first=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=Sterling|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=265|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982}} The toxic effects of veratrum alkaloids are directly induced by antagonism of adrenergic receptors.

It is used externally by several Native American nations. Although is rarely ever used in modern herbalism due to its concentration of various alkaloids, it has been used in the past against high blood pressure and rapid heartbeat; a standardized extract of V. viride alkaloids known as alkavervir was used in the 1950s and 1960s as an antihypertensive.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY4wAAAAIAAJ&q=alkavervir |title=New and Nonofficial Drugs |author=Council on Drugs (American Medical Association) |year=1964 |publisher=J. B. Lippincott |pages=297–9}}{{cite web |url=http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?alkavervir |title=alkavervir |publisher=University of Newcastle upon Tyne Centre for Cancer Education |work=Online Medical Dictionary |date=n.d. |access-date=31 August 2008}} The root contains even higher concentrations than the aerial parts.Plants for a Future: [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Veratrum+viride Veratrum viride]

Various sources mention its use by some Native Americans people to elect a new leader.{{cite book | last=Durand | first=Lucette | last2=Lamoureux | first2=Gisèle | last3=Morissette | first3=France | author4=Fleurbec | title=Plantes sauvages comestibles | publisher=Le Groupe | publication-place=Saint-Cuthbert, Québec | date=1981 | isbn=2-920174-03-7 | oclc=15899917 | language=fr}}Chandler, Christopher M., and Owen M. McDougal. "Medicinal history of North American veratrum." Phytochemistry reviews 13.3 (2014): 671–694. This story appears to originate from an anecdote told by John Josselyn in his 1674 "An Account of Two Voyages to New-England". It is noteworthy that Josselyn's "Account of Two Voyages" have been met with skepticism since their first publication.[https://www.proquest.com/docview/303385061?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true Lindholdt, Paul Jeffrey. A CRITICAL EDITION OF JOHN JOSSELYN'S 1674" ACCOUNT OF TWO VOYAGES TO NEW-ENGLAND"(COLONIAL AMERICAN, FOLKLORE, PROMOTIONAL LITERATURE, EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY, SCIENCE). The Pennsylvania State University, 1985.]

"The English in New-England take white Hellebore, which operates as fairly with them, as with the Indians, who steeping of it in water sometime, give it to young lads gathered together a purpose to drink, if it come up they force them to drink again their vomit, (which they save in a Birchen-dish) till it stayes with them, & he that gets the victory of it is made Captain of the other lads for that year."Josselyn, John. An Account of Two Voyages to New-England: Made During the Years 1638, 1663. Boston, W. Veazie, 1865.  

The anecdote entered medical literature 161 years afterward, when retold by Osgood C. in an 1835 paper on Veratrum viride. While quoting Josselyn, Osgood introduces a political connotation (election of their chiefs/entitled to command the rest) which is unclear in the original version.

" Its use in the election of their chiefs, is noticed by Joselin, an early visiter to this country, who calls it "white hellebore." According to this writer, that individual whose on the Veratrum Viride. stomach was least susceptible to its deleterious effects, was regarded as the "strongest of the party, and entitled to command the rest."[https://www.proquest.com/openview/0dfd68731092e0746df7253678807e5f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41361 Osgood C. (1835) Observations on the medicinal properties of the Veratrum viride.Am J Med Sci 16:296–309]

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viride

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Flora of Subarctic America

Category:Plants described in 1789

Category:Flora of Western Canada

Category:Flora of Eastern Canada

Category:Flora of the Northwestern United States

Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States

Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States

Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States

Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status