Via Campesina

File:ViaCampesinaMembersMap.svg

Starting in the 1980s governments were intervening less in the rural countryside, which weakened corporate control over peasants' organizations while making a living in agriculture become more difficult.{{Cite journal|title = La Vía Campesina: the birth and evolution of a transnational social movement|last1 = Martínez-Torres|first1 = María Elena|date = 2010|journal = The Journal of Peasant Studies|doi = 10.1080/03066150903498804|last2 = Rosset|first2 = Peter |volume=37 | issue=1 |pages=149–175|s2cid = 143767689}} As a result, national peasant groups began to form ties with transnational organizations, starting in Latin America and then on a global scale.

The peasants' rights movement emerged from the new rights advocacy which had arisen in the 1990s; during that time, human rights and development agendas became integrated which expanded from political and civil rights to include social and economic rights. The agrarian peasants' movement moved to challenge the hegemonic ideology of neoliberalism in global economics and to find alternatives that would protect the rights of workers around the world.{{cite journal | last1 = Shawki | first1 = Noha | year = 2014 | title = New Rights Advocacy and the Human Rights of Peasants: La Via Campesina and the Evolution of New Human Rights Norms | journal = Journal of Human Rights Practice | volume = 6 | issue = 2| page = 311 | doi = 10.1093/jhuman/huu009 }}

In Europe, Via Campesina members participated the 2024 "tractorada" farm protests, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/02/why-are-farmers-protesting-across-the-eu-and-what-can-the-bloc-do-about-it Why are farmers protesting across the EU and what can the bloc do about it?] when agricultural vehicles blocked main roads in Western Europe; it briefly allied with COPA-COGECA which they claimed represented major producers and suppliers of low-cost, widely sourced food. Such organizations may, some have said, be linked or financed by far right groups[https://www.politico.eu/tag/european-green-deal/ Politico:Ghosts of EU’s rightward future haunt nature law fight] since they also advocate for less official interference in environmental and social areas such as worker-protection.[https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/2/25/farmers-protests-in-europe-and-the-deadend-of-neoliberalism Farmers’ protests in Europe and the deadend of neoliberalism]

The organization was founded in 1993 by farmers organizations from Europe, Latin America, Asia, North America, Central America and Africa. The foundation followed the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), where the World Trade Organization (WTO)'s Agreement on Agriculture and the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) were signed and approved.{{Cite journal|title = The Via Campesina: Peasant Women on the Frontiers of Food Sovereignty|last = Desmarais|first = Annette Aurélie|date = 2003|journal = Canadian Woman Studies|volume = 23|issue = 1|pages = 140–145|issn = 0713-3235}} These agreements caused backlash from many people around the world for focusing on technical problems rather than the human right to access to food, especially for those living in the Global South.{{Cite journal|title = Worlds apart: The WTO's Agreement on Agriculture and the right to food in developing countries|last1 = Hawkes|first1 = Shona|date = 2013|journal = International Political Science Review|doi = 10.1177/0192512112445238|last2 = Plahe|first2 = Jagjit Kaur|volume = 34|issue = 1|pages = 21–38|s2cid = 154496914}} Globalization was under way at this time, affecting many industries including agriculture. La Vía Campesina gave small farmers a platform to have their voices heard about how these changes were impacting their lives.

The movement has grown and is now recognized as a part of the global dialogue on food and agriculture. It has presented in several international fora, such as:

• The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO);{{cite web|title='La société civile et les biotechnologies', interview of Guy Kastler, La Via Campesina, intervenant de la société civile à l'occasion du Symposium international sur le rôle des biotechnologies agricoles |newspaper=FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agribiotechs-symposium/voices-from-the-symposium/multimedia-detail/en/c/383477/ |access-date=5 May 2020 |author=FAO |author-link=FAO }}
• The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV);{{cite web|title=European Coordination Via Campesina (Mr. Guy Kastler), on UPOV

|newspaper=UPOV website |url=https://www.upov.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?meeting_id=39124&doc_id=346278 |access-date=5 May 2020 |author=UPOV |date=5 August 2016 |place=Geneva}}

• The UN Human Rights Council (HRC);La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Organisation. Published 9 Feb. 2011. Retrieved from
• The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Via Campesina has been involved in the negotiations{{cite news |title=United Nations: Third Committee approves the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas |url=https://viacampesina.org/en/united-nations-third-committee-approves-the-un-declaration-on-the-rights-of-peasants-and-other-people-working-in-rural-areas/ |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=Via Campesina |date=20 November 2018}} of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and other people living in Rural areas, adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2018.{{cite news |last1=A. Wise |first1=Timothy |title=UN Backs Seed Sovereignty in Landmark Peasants' Rights Declaration |url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2019-01-24/un-backs-seed-sovereignty-in-landmark-peasants-rights-declaration/ |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=Resilience |date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310181730/https://www.resilience.org/stories/2019-01-24/un-backs-seed-sovereignty-in-landmark-peasants-rights-declaration/ |archive-date=10 March 2020}}

According to La Via Campesina's webpage, the movement's main issues are promoting food sovereignty; demanding agrarian reform; people's control over land, water, territories; resisting free-trade; promoting popular peasant feminism; upholding human rights, rights of migrant workers; promoting agroecology; promoting peasant seeds systems; increasing the participation of youth in agriculture.{{cite web|title=About La Via Campesina|url=https://viacampesina.org/en/la-via-campesina-organisational-brochure-edition-2016/|date=2016-10-28|access-date=2018-05-24|archive-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511140010/https://viacampesina.org/en/la-via-campesina-organisational-brochure-edition-2016/|url-status=dead}}

In recent years, the movement has placed greater emphasis on gender issues and women's rights, and strengthened its opposition to transnational corporations. It has also focused on gaining recognition for the discourse around food sovereignty, reclaiming the term "peasant" and recreating a shared peasant identity across national borders and cultures. La Vía Campesina also partners with other social movements and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to strengthen its international presence.{{Cite journal|title = The power of peasants: Reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina|last = Desmarais|first = Annette Aurélie|date = 2008|journal = Journal of Rural Studies|doi = 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.002|volume = 24|issue = 2|pages = 138–149| bibcode=2008JRurS..24..138D }}

{{Quote box|quote = The most systematic and comprehensive organic and living alternative to existing hegemonies comes not from the ivory towers or the factories but from the fields.|width = 50%|source = Rajeev Patel (2006, 90) Globalize the Struggle! Globalize Hope! – La Vía Campesina|salign = right}}

Democratic decision-making is central to the mission of La Vía Campesina, and it has been dedicated to fair representation and engagement of all participants, making structural changes when necessary. The perspectives of people around the world are needed to assess and improve global food production and sovereignty. Part of this effort for equality among movement members is creating a shared peasant identity. The reclaiming of this identity has been called "re-peasantization".Welch, C., 2001. "Peasants and globalization in Latin America: a survey of recent literature". Paper presented at the XXIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, 6–8 September, Washington, DC. According to Desmarais (2008), the term "peasant" in English has a connotation related to feudalism, but in other languages and contexts, the meaning is broader; campesino comes from the word campo, meaning "countryside", which ties the people to the land. This feudalist connotation is one reason why the organization chose not to translate its name into English.

In November 2018, La Vía Campesina received the XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity (Premio Internacional Navarra a la Solidaridad).{{Cite news|url=https://viacampesina.org/en/la-via-campesina-xv-navarra-international-prize-for-solidarity/|title='Globalising the struggle also means globalising solidarity and hope' – La Via Campesina, while accepting the XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity|date=2017-12-07|work=Via Campesina English|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-GB}}

In June 2018, the autonomous, pluralist and multicultural movement, which is entirely independent of any political or economic affiliation, was awarded the Lush Spring Prize Influence Award{{cite web|last1=LVC|first1=Via Campesina|title=Lush Spring Prize Influence Award Winner: La Via Campesina|url=https://uk.lush.com/article/lush-spring-prize-influence-award-winner-la-campesina|website=uk.lush.com|publisher=Lush Spring Prize|access-date=22 May 2018|date=2017-05-23}}

In 2015, the organization received an award from the Latin American Scientific Society for Agroecology ([https://www.socla.co/en SOCLA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331131709/https://www.socla.co/en |date=2022-03-31 }}) "in recognition of its example of tireless struggle in favor of agroecology and the rights of peasants, in carrying out its mission to take care of the earth, feed the world, conserve biodiversity and cool the planet, through its constant search for food sovereignty in Latin America."{{Cite web|url = http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/main-issues-mainmenu-27/sustainable-peasants-agriculture-mainmenu-42/1879-la-via-campesina-receives-award-for-tireless-struggle-in-favor-of-agroecology|title = La Via Campesina receives award for 'tireless struggle in favor of Agroecology'|date = 13 October 2015|access-date = 20 November 2015|website = La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement|archive-date = 21 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121025011/http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/main-issues-mainmenu-27/sustainable-peasants-agriculture-mainmenu-42/1879-la-via-campesina-receives-award-for-tireless-struggle-in-favor-of-agroecology|url-status = dead}}

In 2004, La Vía Campesina was awarded the International Human Rights Award by Global Exchange, in San Francisco.Global Exchange Human Rights Awards. Past Honorees. Retrieved from <{{cite web |url=http://humanrightsaward.org/past-honorees/ |title=Past Honorees | 12th Annual Human Rights Award |access-date=2015-04-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627195622/http://humanrightsaward.org/past-honorees/ |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}>

File:Via Campesina.jpg (Nairobi, 2007)]] La Vía Campesina is a grassroots movement, with activism at the local and national level. Members come from 81 countries, organised into 9 regions. The International Coordinating Committee is represented by one man and one woman per region and one youth per continent, each elected by their respective region's member organisations. With about 182 local and national organisations as part of the movement, La Via Campesina represents an estimated 200 million farmers around the world.

According to Michael Menser, La Via Campesina is an example of the success and expansion of transnational movements in regards to participatory democracy due to its organization model and adaptation to ensure fair representation.{{Cite journal|title = Transnational Participatory Democracy in Action: The Case of La Via Campesina|last = Menser|first = Michael|date = 2008|journal = Journal of Social Philosophy|doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00409.x|volume = 39|issue = 1|pages = 20–41}}

Representatives from each region meet at International Conferences roughly every four years. Past meetings were held in Mons in 1993, Tlaxcala City in 1996, Bangalore in 2000, São Paulo in 2004, Maputo in 2008, Jakarta in 2013, and Derio in 2017.La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Our Conferences. Published 11 Apr. 2014. Retrieved from The international secretariat changes its central location every 4 years based on the decision made at the International Conference. Past locations were Belgium (1993{{ndash}}1996), Honduras (1997{{ndash}}2004), Indonesia (2005{{ndash}}2013) and Harare (2013{{ndash}}2021).

Since November 2021, the secretariat has been in Bagnolet, France.La Via Campesina celebrates its political transition to Europe. Retrieved from The current General Coordinator is Morgan Ody, a vegetable producer from Bretagne, France, member of La Confédération paysanne and European Coordination Via Campesina (ECVC).

Gender was ignored as a consideration at the start of the movement. At the signing of the Managua Declaration{{mdash}}the precursor to La Vía Campesina{{mdash}}all eight people present were men. Peasant women started to become more involved and pushing for women's rights at the International Conference in Tlaxcala in 1996. At this meeting, they decided to form a committee dedicated to women's rights and gender issues, which eventually became the Vía Campesina's Women's Commission. The women on the committee were also heavily involved in editing the draft of the cornerstone position on food sovereignty that was presented at the World Food Summit in 1996. They included health as a consideration for food production without agro-chemicals, as well as the importance of women's involvement in policy changes because women typically were barred from political involvement. The women of La Vía Campesina are still working for greater representation and engagement of peasant women, especially in leadership positions.

La Vía Campesina introduced the right of food sovereignty at the World Food Summit in 1996 as "the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through sustainable methods and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems." The phrase "culturally appropriate" signifies that the food that is available and accessible for the population should fit with the cultural background of the people consuming it. For example, subsidised and imported wheat products would not fall under this category in a country where corn-based foods were the basis of traditional meals.

Food sovereignty differs from food security. Food security was defined as "physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food... at all times to meet [the population's] dietary and food preferences for an active and healthy life" by D. Moyo at the American Society of International Law annual meeting in 2007.The Future of Food: Elements of Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa and Food Security Status in Africa, D. Moyo. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). Vol. 101 (March 28–31, 2007), pp. 103–108. {{JSTOR|25660167}} Food security is more focused on the provision of food for all by whatever means necessary, whether by local production or global imports. As a result, economic policies concerned with food security typically emphasize industrial farming that can produce more food cheaper.{{Cite journal|title = The Efficacy of a Program Promoting Rice Self-Sufficiency in Ghana during a Period of Neoliberalism|last1 = Glenna|first1 = Leland|date = 2012|journal = Rural Sociology|doi = 10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00088.x|last2 = Ader|first2 = David|last3 = Bauchspies|first3 = Wenda|last4 = Traoré|first4 = Abou|last5 = Agboh-Noameshi|first5 = Rita Afiavi|volume=77|issue = 4|pages=520–546|doi-access = free}}

Friedmann defines a food regime as a "rule governed structure of production and consumption of food on a world scale". A food regime is marked by a period of transition in food production that results in significant social, political, and economic change. The current situation of global food production can be called the "corporate food regime" due to the concentration of supplying and processing food in the private sector.{{Cite journal|title = The Alternative Agriculture Network Isan and Its Struggle for Food Sovereignty – a Food Regime Perspective of Agricultural Relations of Production in Northeast Thailand|last = Heis|first = Alexandria|date = 2015|journal = Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies|volume = 8|issue = 1|pages = 67–85}} For example, US corporations have control over food production by subcontracting smaller farmers, which allows them to participate and profit without taking on the risks of farming, such as weather and disease.{{Cite journal|title = International Agrarian Restructuring and the Practical Ethics of Peasant Movement Solidarity|last = Patel|first = Rajeev|date = 2006|journal = Journal of Asian and African Studies|doi = 10.1177/0021909606061748|volume=41|issue = 1–2|pages=71–93|s2cid = 144761980}} Food regimes are the result of "political struggles among contending social groups" for control over how food production is framed and conceptualized, according to McMichael. The corporate food regime came about with the neoliberal economic theory which is motivated by efficiency and trade liberalization, and states that nations should focus their efforts and resources on producing goods and services where they have an advantage relative to other nations (that is, goods that they are best at producing), as cited by Philip McMichael.{{cite journal | last1 = McMichael | first1 = Philip | year = 2009 | title = A food regime genealogy | journal = The Journal of Peasant Studies | volume = 36 | issue = 1| pages = 139–169 | doi = 10.1080/03066150902820354 | s2cid = 15330376 | doi-access = free }} The corporate food regime has existed for only the last 100 years, as compared to the millennia prior to industrialization and the Green Revolution.

• Environmental movement
• Peasant movement
• UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
• United Nations Decade of Family Farming
• Agricultural policy
• Agroecological restoration
• Back-to-the-land movement
• Family farming
• Local food
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
• WTO's Agreement on Agriculture
• WTO's TRIPS agreement
• The National Farmers Union in Canada
• Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa
• The Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee in India
• The Sindicato Labrego Galego-Comisións Labregas in Galiza.
• The EZLN in Mexico
• Fanmi Lavalas in Haiti
• Good Food March
• Nyéléni
• The Homeless Workers' Movement in Brazil
• The Landless Peoples Movement in South Africa
• The Landless Workers' Movement in Brazil
• Movement for Justice en el Barrio in the United States of America
• Narmada Bachao Andolan in India
• Take Back the Land in the United States of America
• The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa
• The [http://www.spi.or.id Indonesian Peasants Union] in Indonesia
• Agroecology
• Elizabeth Mpofu
• Guy Kastler
• José Bové

{{Reflist}}

• Food Sovereignty, a Manifesto for the Future of Our Planet | La Via Campesina, [https://viacampesina.org/en/food-sovereignty-a-manifesto-for-the-future-of-our-planet-la-via-campesina/ "25 years of Collective Struggle for Food Sovereignty"], La Via Campesina Website, 2021
• Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2007): La Vía Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants, Fernwood Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-7453-2704-4}}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Desmarais | first1 = Annette Aurélie | year = 2002 | title = Vía Campesina: Consolidating an International Peasant Movement | journal = Journal of Peasant Studies | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–124 | doi = 10.1080/714003943 | s2cid = 153878334 }}
• Martínez-Torres, María Elena, and Peter M. Rosset, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03066150903498804#preview "La Vía Campesina: the birth and evolution of a transnational social movement"], Journal of Peasant Studies, 2010

• [https://viacampesina.org/en/ Vía Campesina] English-language home page
• [http://tv.viacampesina.org/We-are-la-Via-Campesina-776 We are La Vía Campesina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727063419/https://tv.viacampesina.org/We-are-la-Via-Campesina-776 |date=2017-07-27 }} video of presentation
• [https://viacampesina.org/en/member-organisations-of-la-via-campesina-updated-2018/ List of Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420044424/https://viacampesina.org/en/member-organisations-of-la-via-campesina-updated-2018/ |date=2022-04-20 }}
• [http://viacampesina.net/downloads/PDF/EN-3.pdf Declaration of Rights of Peasants - Women and Men] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012165109/https://viacampesina.net/downloads/PDF/EN-3.pdf |date=2018-10-12 }}
• [http://viacampesina.org/downloads/pdf/policydocuments/POLICYDOCUMENTS-EN-FINAL.pdf La Vía Campesina Policy Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404121819/http://www.viacampesina.org/downloads/pdf/policydocuments/POLICYDOCUMENTS-EN-FINAL.pdf |date=2012-04-04 }}
• [https://nyeleni.org/en/homepage/ International Nyeleni Newsletter, voice of the Food Sovereignty movement], in which Vía Campesina is involved
• [https://viacampesina.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/LVC-EN-Brochure-2021-03F.pdf Organisational Brochure Edition 2021]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090513054334/http://www.waronwant.org/overseas-work/food-justice/via-campesina War on Want's Vía Campesina project page]
• [https://www.tni.org/en/archives/know/79 Vía Campesina: an evolving transnational social movement] on the website of the Transnational Institute
• [https://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/8/thousands_march_in_cancn_at_la Thousands March in Cancún at La Vía Campesina's "Global Day of Action for Climate Justice"], video report by Democracy Now!

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