Victorine Meurent

{{Short description|19th century French painter and model (1844–1927)}}

{{Infobox artist

| name = Victorine-Louise Meurent

| image = Victorine Louise Meurent (1844 – 1927).jpg

| imagesize =

| caption = Victorine-Louise Meurent, {{circa|1865}}
from an album of photographic portraits
belonging to Édouard Manet

| birth_date = {{birth date|1844|2|18}}

| birth_place = Paris

| death_date = {{death date|1927|3|17}} (aged 83)

| death_place = Colombes

| field = Painter, model

| training = Étienne Leroy (1828–1876)

| movement =

| awards =

}}

Victorine-Louise Meurent (also Meurant; February 18, 1844 – March 17, 1927) was a French painter and a model for painters. Although she is best known as the favorite model of Édouard Manet, she was an artist in her own right who regularly exhibited at the prestigious Paris Salon. In 1876, her paintings were selected for inclusion at the Salon's juried exhibition, when Manet's work was not.

Biography

Victorine-Louise Meurent was born in Paris on Sunday, February 18, 1844,[http://canadp-archivesenligne.paris.fr/archives_etat_civil/avant_1860_fichiers_etat_civil_reconstitue/fecr_visu_img.php?registre=V3E_N_1609&type=ECRF&&bdd_en_cours=etat_civil_rec_fichiers&vue_tranche_debut=AD075ER_V3E_N_01609_00450_C&vue_tranche_fin=AD075ER_V3E_N_01609_00500_C&ref_histo=60930&cote=V3E/N%201609 Archives de Paris]; canadp-archivesenligne.paris.fr to a family of artisans. Her mother was a milliner and her father was a patinator of bronzes. In 1860, at the age of sixteen, Meurent began modeling in the studio of Thomas Couture and she may have studied art at his atelier for women.{{cite book|last=Jimenez|first=Jill Berk|title=Dictionary of Artist's Models|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|page=372}}

Meurent first modeled for Manet in 1862, for his painting The Street Singer.{{cite book|last1=Summers|first1=Claude J|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts|date=2004|publisher=Cleis Press}} She was particularly noticeable for her petite stature that earned her the nickname La Crevette (The Shrimp),Ross King (2006). The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade That Gave the World Impressionism. New York: Walker & Co., p. 37. and for her red hair, which is depicted as very bright in Manet's watercolor copy of Olympia. Meurent played the violin and the guitar.Lipton, Eunice (1992). Alias Olympia. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 174. {{ISBN|0-8014-8609-2}}. She gave lessons in the two instruments. She also sang, reportedly performing at café-concerts,{{Cite news| last = Smee| first = Sebastian| title = Perspective {{!}} She was always the object. And then she painted herself.| work = Washington Post| access-date = 2023-08-11| date = 2023-08-10| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/interactive/2023/meurent-manet-olympia/}} a type of musical establishment associated with the Belle Époque in France,{{Cite web|last=Sorokoff|first=Stephen|title=Photos: Yanna Avis Brings Paris To The Grand Salon at La Goulue|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/cabaret/article/Photo-Coverage-Yanna-Avis-Brings-Paris-To-The-Grand-Salon-at-La-Goulue-20191123|access-date=2021-12-15|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}} which initially were held outdoors.

Meurent's name remains forever associated with Manet's masterpieces of 1863, Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass) and Olympia, which feature nude portrayals of her. At that time, she also modeled for Edgar Degas and the Belgian painter Alfred Stevens, both of whom were close friends of Manet's. Her relationship with Stevens is said to have been particularly close.

Meurent was a professional cancan dancer, and traveled to New York from Paris in September 1868 as part of a troupe of forty-eight artistes to perform in Jacques Offenbach operettas, including Geneviève de Brabant at the French Theater on Fifth Avenue, in which she was considered “one of the most audacious can-can dancers of the troupe."{{Cite news |last=Bailey |first=Colin B. |title=A New Language of Modern Art {{!}} Colin B. Bailey |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/12/21/a-new-language-of-modern-art-manet-degas/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en |issn=0028-7504}}

Manet continued to use Meurent as a model until the early 1870s, when she began taking art classes. Because she was drawn to the more academic style of painting that Manet opposed, Meurent and Manet became estranged.{{Cite web|url=https://bonjourparis.com/art/victorine-meurent-the-unvarnished-story-of-manets-muse/|title=Victorine Meurent: The Unvarnished Story of Manet's Muse|last=Smith|first=Hazel|date=2016-09-13|website=Bonjour Paris|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-04}} The last Manet painting in which Meurent appears is The Railway (1873). The painting is an example of Manet's use of contemporary subject matter.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/highlights/manet-the-railway.html|title=Edouard Manet, The Railway, 1873|website=www.nga.gov|access-date=2020-03-04}}

File:Victorine-Louise Meurent (1844 – 1927).jpg

In 1875, Meurent began studying with the portraitist {{ill|Étienne Leroy|fr}}. The following year, Meurent first submitted work of her own to the Salon and it was accepted.[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k113384f/f81.image.r=meurent.langFR Dictionnaire général des artistes de l'École française depuis l'origine des arts du dessin jusqu'à nos jours : architectes, peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs et lithographes. p.80] Gallica BnF Manet's own submissions were rejected by the jury that year.

Meurent's entry at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1879, Bourgeoise de Nuremberg au XVIe siècle,[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k49768h/f289.image.r=Meurent.langEN Salon des artistes français 1879, no.2128]; Gallica BnF was hung in the same room as the entry by Manet. Work by Meurent was included in the 1885 and 1904 exhibitions as well. In all, Meurent exhibited in the Salon four times. She also continued to support herself by modeling through the 1880s for Norbert Goeneutte,Lipton, Eunice (1992). Alias Olympia. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 104. {{ISBN|0-8014-8609-2}}. an artist best known for his etchings, and for Toulouse-Lautrec.

Meurent was inducted into the Société des Artistes Français in 1903, with the support of Charles Hermann-Leon and Tony Robert-Fleury, the founder of the Société. By 1906, at the age of 62, Meurent had left Paris for the suburb of Colombes, which is a commune to the northwest of Paris. It is located 10.6 km (6.6 mi) from the center of the city. She lived there for the remainder of her life in a house that she owned jointly with Marie Dufour. Meurent continued to refer to herself as an artist into her seventies, as recorded in a census from 1921.Lipton, Eunice (1992). Alias Olympia. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 166. {{ISBN|0-8014-8609-2}}.

At the age of 83, Meurent died on March 17, 1927. The contents of the house were liquidated after the death of Dufour in 1930. Reportedly, in the late twentieth century elderly neighbors from that commune in Colombes recalled the last contents of the house, including a violin and its case, being burnt on a bonfire.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Paintings by Meurent

Most of the paintings by Meurent have been lost, but some are in the possession of museums:

File:Autoportrait-victorine-meurent.jpg|Self-portrait (1876), Boston Museum of Fine Arts

File:Victorine Meurent - Scene orientaliste au fumeur de narguile.jpg|Orientalist scene with hookah smoker, 1876

File:Le briquet victorine meurent 1404718.jpg|Le briquet, Musée Municipal d'Art et d'Histoire de Colombes

File:Le jour des rameaux.jpg|Le Jour Des Rameaux or
Palm Sunday, 1885, Musée Municipal d'Art et d'Histoire de Colombes

File:Jup by Victorine Meurent.jpg|Jup, Musée Municipal d'Art et d'Histoire de Colombes

A painting by Meurent, Le Jour des Rameaux or Palm Sunday, was recovered in 2004 and is in the Colombes History Museum in France.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} A self-portrait she painted in 1876 was acquired by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in the United States in September 2021, the first of her paintings in a museum collection outside France.{{cite web | website = Boston Museum of Fine Arts | access-date = 25 March 2022 | url = https://collections.mfa.org/objects/696863/selfportrait?ctx=a1bd0074-c983-4bbd-8069-39996ffb609d&idx=1 | title = Self-Portrait, Victorine Meurent (French, 1844–1927) }}

In fiction

Meurent's life inspired two historical novels and she appears as a character in several others.

The Irish writer George Moore included Meurent as a character in his semi-fictional autobiography, Memoirs of My Dead Life (1906). Meurent appears in the book as a middle-aged woman, living in a lesbian relationship with a famous courtesan.

Meurent is the protagonist in two novels. She appears as such in both Mademoiselle Victorine: a Novel (2007) by Debra Finerman and A Woman With No Clothes On (2008) by V R Main.

She appears as a character in a novel by Christopher Moore that is titled Sacré Bleu (2012).

Another novel that features her is Paris Red by Maureen Gibbon. It depicts Meurent and her relationship with Manet. It was published in 2015.

The novel Victorine is about Meurent and her journey to become a painter. It was published by Drema Drudge in 2020.

She is a recurring character in the Hugo Award nominated novelette “Colors of the Immortal Palette” by Caroline M. Yoachim.

She appears as a forlorn character in the novel by R.w. Meek entitled The Dream Collector, Book II “Sabrine & Vincent van Gogh” (2024).

The main character of Ruth Reichl's 2024 novel The Paris Novel embarks on a search for Meurent's lost paintings in 1980's Paris.

In film, Meurent is featured as a character in Intimate Lives: The Women of Manet. The film also is known as Manet in Love (1998). Her character is played by Shelley Phillips.

In works by Édouard Manet

File:Straßensängerin (1862) - Edouard Manet (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).jpg|The Street Singer
by Édouard Manet (1862)
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

File:Edouard Manet 088.jpg|Portrait of Victorine Meurent
by Édouard Manet (1862)
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

File:Edouard Manet 047.jpg|Mademoiselle V. in the Costume of an Espada
by Édouard Manet (1862)
Metropolitan Museum of Art

File:Edouard Manet - Luncheon on the Grass - Google Art Project.jpg|Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe
by Édouard Manet (1862–1863)
Musée d'Orsay

File:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg|Olympia
by Édouard Manet (1863)
Musée d'Orsay

File:Édouard Manet - Young Lady in 1866 - Google Art Project.jpg|A Young Lady in 1866
by Édouard Manet (1866)
Metropolitan Museum of Art

File:Édouard Manet, 'The Guitar Player'.jpg|The Guitar Player
by Édouard Manet (c.1866)
Hill-Stead Museum

File:Édouard Manet - The Croquet Game.jpg|The Croquet Game
by Édouard Manet (1873)
Städel Museum

File:Edouard Manet - Le Chemin de fer - Google Art Project.jpg|The Railway
by Édouard Manet (1873)
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

In works by Alfred Stevens

File:The Parisian Sphinx by Alfred Stevens, San Diego Museum of Art.JPG|The Parisian Sphinx
by Alfred Stevens (1870)
San Diego Museum of Art

References

External links

[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/03/women.manet The Naked Truth, by V R Main]
[https://archive.org/stream/catalogueillustr1885soci#page/n35/mode/2up Salon 1885, № 1755]
[https://archive.org/stream/catalogueillustr1904soci#page/n35/mode/2up Société des artistes français Salon 1904, № 1264]
[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k61587066/f17.image.r=Victorine%20Louise%20Meurent.langEN Le Bulletin de la vie artistique, 1921/05/15 (A2,N10), p.297]; Gallica BnF
[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6429198k/f138.image.r=Victorine%20Louise%20Meurant.langEN La Vie parisienne : la ville et le théâtre : 1884 (à 1889) / par Parisis (Emile Blavet), p.122]; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2788616/f1.zoom.r=Victorine%20Meurant.langEN Gallica BnF Le Figaro (Paris. 1854), 1884/03/02 (Numéro 62), p.1]; Gallica BnF
[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62300720/f195.image.r=Victorine%20Louise%20Meurant.langEN L'Hôtel Drouot et la curiosité en 1883-1884, p.173]; Gallica BnF