Video game design

{{See also|Game design}}

Video game design starts with an idea,Bates 2004, p. 3Adams, Rollings 2003, pp. 29-30Bethke 2003, p. 75Chandler 2009, p. 3 often a variation or modification on an existing concept.Adams, Rollings 2003, pp. 31-33 The game idea will fall within one or several genres and designers will often experiment with mixing genres.Bates 2004, p. 6Oxland 2004, p. 25 The game designer usually produces an initial game proposal document containing the concept, gameplay, feature list, setting and story, target audience, requirements and schedule, staff and budget estimates.Bates 2004, pp. 14-16

Multiple design decisions are made during the course of a game's development; it is the responsibility of the designer to decide which elements should be implemented. For example, consistency with the game's vision, budget or hardware limitations.Bates 2004, p. 160 Design changes will have a significant impact on required resources.Bates 2004, pp. 160-161

The designer may use scripting languages to implement and preview design ideas without necessarily modifying the game's codebase.Bates 2004, p. 161Oxland 2004, pp. 297-298 A game designer often plays video games and demos to follow the markets' development.Bates 2004, pp. 161-162

Over time, it has become common for a game designer's name to misleadingly be given an undue amount of association to the game, neglecting the rest of the development team.Bates 2004, p. 162 This is in stark contrast to the industries' origins, when creators were often given little to no recognition.{{cite web |author1=Fatsquatch |title=Of Dragons and Easter Eggs: A Chat With Warren Robinett |url=https://tjg.joeysit.com/of-dragons-and-easter-eggs-a-chat-with-warren-robinett/ |website=The Jaded Gamer |access-date=3 February 2021 |date=20 May 2003}} Coincidentally, this lack of credit lead Warren Robinett to create the first Easter egg in a video game.

Funding, traditionally provided by game publishers, who may have specific expectations from a game,Bates 2004, p. 12 must be taken into account, as most video games are market-driven — developed to sell for profit.Adams, Rollings 2003, pp. 47-48 However, if financial issues do not influence designer's decisions, the game can become design- or designer-driven; but few games are designed this way,Adams, Rollings 2003, pp. 48-49 with it becoming more common among indie game developers, alongside alternative sources of funding, like Early Access or Crowdfunding. Alternatively, a game may be technology-driven, such as Quake (1996),Adams, Rollings 2003, p. 51 to show off a particular hardware achievement or to market the game engine. Finally, a game may be art-driven, such as Myst (1993) and Journey (2012),Adams, Rollings 2003, p. 52 mainly to show off impressive visuals designed by artists.

In Rules of Play (2004), Katie Salen and Eric Zimmermann write:

{{cquote|A game designer is a particular kind of designer, much like a graphic designer, industrial designer or architect. A game designer is not necessarily a programmer, visual designer or project manager, although sometimes he or she can also play these roles in the creation of a game. A game designer might work alone or as part of a larger team. A game designer might create card games, social games, video games or any other kind of game. The focus of a game designer is designing game play, conceiving and designing rules and structures that result in an experience for players.

Thus game design, as a discipline, requires a focus on games in and of themselves. Rather than placing games in the service of another field such as sociology, literary criticism, or computer science, our aim is to study games within their own disciplinary space. Because game design is an emerging discipline, we often borrow from other areas of knowledge — from mathematics and cognitive science; from semiotics and cultural studies. We may not borrow in the most orthodox manner, but we do so in the service of helping to establish a field of game design proper.

}}

A game designer is a person who designs gameplay, conceiving and designing the rules and structure of a game.Salem, Zimmerman 2003Oxland 2004, p. 292Moore, Novak 2010, p. 74 Multiple designers start their career in testing departments, other roles in game development or in classroom conditions,{{cite web|url=http://www.nyfa.edu/game-design-school/|title=Game Design School in New York & Los Angeles - NYFA|website=www.nyfa.edu}} where mistakes by others can be seen first-hand.Bates 2004, p. 179

• Lead designer coordinates the work of other designers and is the main visionary of the game.Oxland 2004, pp. 292-296Bethke 2003, p. 40 Lead designer ensures team communication, makes large design decisions and presents design outside of the team.Oxland 2004, pp. 293-294 Often the lead designer is technically and artistically astute.Oxland 2004, pp. 294, 295 Keeping well-presented documentation also falls within the lead designer responsibilities.Oxland 2004, pp. 295-296 Lead designer may be the founder of a game development company or a promoted employee.
• Game mechanics designer or systems designer designs and balances the game's rules.
• Level designer or environment designer is a position becoming prominent in recent years. Level designer is the person responsible for creating game environment, levels and missions.Moore, Novak 2010, p. 76Shahrani 2006, part IOxland 2004, pp. 296-297Bethke 2003, pp. 40-41
• Planner is a term referring to a game designer in the Japanese video game industry, where game designers are typically credited as planners.{{cite news |last1=Barnett |first1=JC |title=Working In Japanese Game Development: The Other Side Of The Rainbow |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1620/working_in_japanese_game_.php?print=1 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=Gamasutra |date=August 20, 2007}}

In 2010, a game designer with more than six years of experience earned an average of US$65,000 ({{GBP|44,761.22}} sterling), {{USD|54,000}} ({{GBP|37,186.24}}) with three to six years of experience and $44,000 ({{GBP|30,299.90}}) with less than 3 years of experience. Lead designers earned $75,000 ({{GBP|51,647.56}}) with three to six years of experience and $95,000 ({{GBP|65,420.24}}) with more than six years of experience.{{cite journal|last = Fleming|first = Jeffrey|date=April 2008|title = 9th Annual Salary Survey|journal = Game Developer|volume = 17|issue = 4|page = 8|publisher = United Business Media}} In 2013, a game designer with less than 3 years of experience earned, on average, $55,000 ({{GBP|37,874.88}}). A game designer with more than 6 years of experience made, on average, $105,000 ({{GBP|72,306.58}}). The average salary of these designers varies depending on their region."[http://www.bigfishgames.com/blog/video-gaming-industry-numbers-by-region/ Top Gaming Studios, Schools & Salaries]". [http://www.bigfishgames.com/ Big Fish Games]. As of 2015 the salary of experienced workers has shifted to approximately US$87,000 ({{GBP|59,911.17}}){{cite web|url=http://www.indeed.com/salary/Game-Designer.html|title=Game Designer Salaries in the United States - Indeed.com|website=www.indeed.com}} As of January 17, 2020, the average annual pay for a game designer in the United States is $130,000 a year.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/Game-Designer-Salary|title=GAME Designer Salary ($104,779 - Mar 2023) ZipRecruiter}}

{{Further|Worldbuilding}}

File:UnrealCharacter.png

World design is the creation of a backstory, setting and theme for the game; often done by a lead designer.Brathwaite, Schreiber 2009, p. 5 World design can also be the creation of a universe or a map, as well as topics or areas that are likely to be pursued by the player. It is a map referenced for creation of everything as it shows where it is and allows for the most logistical design in any given game.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} World design shapes the direction the game goes towards.

System design is the creation of game rules and underlying mathematical patterns. System design is the enacted simulation of a game designed to interact or react with the player. The "experience" a player has with a game is attributed to how the game's system is designed. A complex system with depth leads to a more unpredictable strand of events to immerse the player into the video game.{{Cite web |last=Polack |first=Trent |date=2018-01-04 |title=A Guide to Systems-Based Game Development |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/a-guide-to-systems-based-game-development |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Game Developer |language=en}}

Content design is the creation of characters, items, puzzles, missions, or any aspect of the game that is not required for it to function properly and meet the minimum viable product standard. In essence, content is the complexity added to a minimum viable product to increase its value.

{{Main|Video game writing}}

Game writing involves writing dialogue, text and story.

This is one of the first steps that go into making a video game. This encompasses a number of different elements of the process. Writing in video games also includes the elements in which the literature is presented. Voice acting, text, picture editing and music are all elements of game writing.

File:Edge (video game) level layout.png

{{Main|Level design}}

Level design is the construction of world levels and its features.

Level design makes use of a range of different fields to create a game world. Lighting, space, framing, color and contrast are used to draw a player's attention. A designer can then use these elements to guide or direct the player in a specific direction through the game world or mislead them.

User interface (UI) design deals with the construction the user interactions and feedback interface, like menus or heads-up displays.

The user interface also incorporates game mechanics design. Deciding how much information to give the player and in what way allows the designer to inform the player about the world, or perhaps leave them uninformed. Another aspect to consider is the method of input a game will use and deciding to what degree a player can interact with a game with these inputs. These choices have a profound effect on the mood of the game, as it directly affects the player in both noticeable and subtle ways.

User interface design in video games has unique goals. A conscious decision has to be made regarding the amount of information to relay to the player. However, the UI in games do not have to be absolutely streamlined. Players expect challenges and are willing to accept them as long as the experience is sufficiently rewarding. By the same token, navigating or interaction with a game's UI can be satisfying without the need to be effortless.{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@ludwidium/design-principles-face-off-ux-versus-game-design-526e99ad41ab|title=Design principles face-off: UX versus Game Design|last=G|first=Luis Miguel Bello|date=2017-09-25|website=Luis Miguel Bello G.|access-date=2017-12-04}}{{Self-published inline|date=January 2024|certain=y}}

Audio design involves the process of creating or incorporating all of the sounds that are in the game, like music, sound effects or voice acting.{{Cite web|date=2017-03-11|title=Video Game Sound Design {{!}} Beginner's Guide|url=https://www.gamedesigning.org/learn/video-game-sound/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=The Ultimate Resource for Video Game Design|language=en-US}} This includes the theme song and jingles used in title screens and menus.

The disciplines listed above all combine to form the discipline of game feel.{{Cite web|title=Game Feel: The Secret Ingredient|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130734/game_feel_the_secret_ingredient.php|access-date=2021-04-25|website=www.gamasutra.com|date=23 November 2007|language=en}} It ensures that the flow of the game and the user interaction with the game elements are functioning smoothly.{{Cite web|last=Research|first=Player|date=2017-11-28|title=What Is Games 'User Experience' (UX) and How Does It Help?|url=https://playerresearch.medium.com/what-is-games-user-experience-ux-and-how-does-it-help-ea35ceaa9f05|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Medium|language=en}}

{{Further|Narrative designer}}

Numerous games have narrative elements which give a context to an event in a game, making the activity of playing it less abstract and enhance its entertainment value, although narrative elements are not always clearly present or present at all. The original version of Tetris is an example of a game apparently without narrative. Some{{Who|date=March 2010}} narratologists claim that all games have a narrative element. Some go further and claim that games are essentially a form of narrative. Narrative in practice can be the starting point for the development of a game or can be added to a design that started as a set of game mechanics.{{Cite web|last=Maggs|first=Brooke|date=2020-09-16|title=The Art of Video Game Narrative Design 101|url=https://medium.com/@brooke.maggs/the-art-of-video-game-narrative-design-101-c7a5f119d77|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Medium|language=en}}

{{Further|Gameplay}}

Gameplay is the interactive aspects of video game design. Gameplay involves player interaction with the game, usually for the purpose of gameplay is entertainment, education or training.{{Cite web|title=What is Gameplay? - Definition from Techopedia|url=http://www.techopedia.com/definition/1911/gameplay|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Techopedia.com|language=en}}

The design process varies from designer to designer and companies have different formal procedures and philosophies.Bates 2004, p. 151

The typical "textbook" approach is to start with a concept or a previously completed game and from there create a game design document.{{Cite web|date=2017-08-25|title=How to Create a Game Design Document {{!}} In-Depth Guide|url=https://www.gamedesigning.org/learn/game-design-document/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=The Ultimate Resource for Video Game Design|language=en-US}} This document is intended to map out the complete game design and acts as a central resource for the development team. This document should ideally be updated as the game evolves throughout the production process.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}File:Video Game Design on Paper at Game Jam.jpg

Designers are frequently expected to adapt to multiple roles of widely varying nature; for example, concept prototyping can be assisted with the use of pre-existing engines and tools like GameMaker Studio, Unity, Godot or Construct. Level designs might be done first on paper and again for the game engine using a 3D modeling tool. Scripting languages are used for multiple elements—AI, cutscenes, GUI, environmental processes, and a number of other behaviors and effects—that designers would want to tune without a programmer's assistance. Setting, story and character concepts require a research and writing process. Designers may oversee focus testing, write up art and audio asset lists and write game documentation. In addition to the skillset, designers are ideally clear communicators with attention to detail and ability to delegate responsibilities appropriately.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

Design approval{{Clarify|date=March 2010|reason=first mention}} in the commercial setting is a continuous process from the earliest stages until the game ships.{{Cite web|date=2017-03-11|title=Video Game Designer Education Requirements {{!}} 2021 Guide|url=https://www.gamedesigning.org/learn/requirements/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=The Ultimate Resource for Video Game Design|language=en-US}}

When a new project is being discussed (either internally or as a result of dialogue with potential publishers), the designer may be asked to write a sell-sheet of short concepts, followed by a one or two-page pitch of specific features, audience, platform and other details. Designers will first meet with leads in other departments to establish agreement on the feasibility of the game given the available time, scope and budget. If the pitch is approved, early milestones focus on the creation of a fleshed-out design document. Some developers advocate a prototyping phase before the design document is written to experiment with new ideas before they become part of the design.{{Cite web |date=2018-01-24 |title=Applying Design Thinking Prototyping to Improve the Application Development Process |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hardware/design-thinking-prototyping-application-development |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Tech Monitor |language=en-US}}

As production progresses, designers are asked to make frequent decisions about elements missing from the design. The consequences of these decisions are hard to predict and often can only be determined after creating the full implementation. These are referred to as the unknowns of the design and the faster they are uncovered, the less risk the team faces later in the production process. Outside factors such as budget cuts or changes in milestone expectations also result in cuts to the design and while overly large cuts can take the heart out of a project, cuts can also result in a streamlined design with only the essential features, polished well.{{Original research inline|date=March 2010}}

Towards the end of production, designers take the brunt of responsibility for ensuring that the gameplay remains at a uniform standard throughout the game, even in very long games. This task is made more difficult under "crunch" conditions, as the entire team may begin to lose sight of the core gameplay once pressured to hit a date for a finished and bug-free game.{{Original research inline|date=March 2010}}

Traditionally, game designers used simple tools like Word, Excel or just plain pen and paper. As the field has evolved and player agency and localization started to play a bigger role in game development, the need for professional tools has emerged for this particular field.{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=Tools and Software Used for Designing and Developing Video Games {{!}} NEIT|url=https://www.neit.edu/blog/game-development-software-tools|access-date=2021-04-25|website=www.neit.edu|language=en-US}}

Examples of software for narrative design and storytelling include [https://www.articy.com/en/ articy:draft 3] and [https://twinery.org/ Twine]. Tools like these often help to inform the earliest stages of the design and development process, before visual content and software development is started in earnest.

There are various kinds of free 3D design software available to the public, from the mainly graphically focussed, such as Blender, to game engines and software development toolkits, such as Unreal Engine and Unity, that promote communities that self-educate{{Cite web |title=Learn How to Use Unreal Engine - A Powerful Real-Time 3D Creation Platform |url=https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/learn |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Unreal Engine |language=en-US}} as well as market 3D models and tutorials for beginners.{{Cite web |title=Blender Guru |url=https://www.blenderguru.com/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Blender Guru |language=en-US}}

{{Portal|Video games}}

• Game art design
• List of video game designers
• List of video gaming topics
• List of books about video games
• First playable demo
• Educational game design
• Narrative Designer

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite book|title=Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on game design|last1=Adams|first1=Ernest|last2=Rollings|first2=Andrew|year=2003|publisher=New Riders Publishing|isbn=1-59273-001-9|ref=AdRol}}
• {{Cite book|title=Game Design|last=Bates|first=Bob|year=2004|edition=2nd|publisher=Thomson Course Technology|isbn=1-59200-493-8|ref=Bates}}
• {{Cite book|title=Game development and production|first=Erik|last=Bethke|publisher=Wordware Publishing, Inc.|year=2003|location=Texas|isbn=1-55622-951-8|ref=Bethke}}
• {{Cite book|title=Challenges for Game Designers|last1=Brathwaite|first1=Brenda|last2=Schreiber|first2=Ian|year=2009|publisher=Charles River Media|isbn=978-1-58450-580-8|ref=BrSch}}
• {{Cite book|title=Game Industry Career Guide|last1=Moore|first1=Michael E.|last2=Novak|first2=Jeannie|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|location=Delmar|isbn=978-1-4283-7647-2|ref=MoNov}}
• {{Cite book|title=Gameplay and design|last=Oxland|first=Kevin|year=2004|publisher=Addison Wesley|isbn=0-321-20467-0|ref=Oxland}}
• {{Cite book|title=Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals|isbn=0-262-24045-9|last1=Salen|first1=Katie|author-link=Katie Salen|last2=Zimmerman|first2=Eric|author-link2=Eric Zimmerman|year=2003|publisher=MIT Press|ref=SalZim}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20060425/shahrani_01.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422170131/http://gamasutra.com/features/20060425/shahrani_01.shtml|archive-date=2009-04-22|title=Educational Feature: A History and Analysis of Level Design in 3D Computer Games|first=Sam|last=Shahrani|date=April 25, 2006|access-date=29 March 2010|ref=ShahArt}}

{{external links|section=yes|date=August 2019}}

{{Wikiversity|School:Game design}}

• Game design veteran [https://web.archive.org/web/20071107062944/http://www.eurocom.co.uk/content/view/102/81/ Tom Sloper's game biz advice], including lessons on game design
• [http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=971590 ACM Queue article "Game Development: Harder Than You Think"] by Jonathan Blow
• [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0052QA5WU The Art of Computer Game Design] by Chris Crawford
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071107062944/http://www.eurocom.co.uk/content/view/102/81/ Example Game Design Document] by Chris Taylor
• [http://www.gamespot.com/features/so-you-wanna-be-a-game-designer-6129276/ "So You Wanna Be a Game Designer"] at GameSpot
• {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107182604/http://www.eurocom.co.uk/content/view/102/81/|date=January 7, 2008|title=The Designer}} at Eurocom
• [http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_273/8159-The-Philosophy-of-Game-Design-part-1 The Philosophy of Game Design (part 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105191536/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_273/8159-The-Philosophy-of-Game-Design-part-1 |date=2013-11-05 }} at The Escapist
• [http://gdp2.tii.se/index.php/Category:Patterns GDP2: Game Designs and Game Design Patterns collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021080029/http://gdp2.tii.se/index.php/Category:Patterns |date=2016-10-21 }} hosted by [http://www.tii.se/ Interactive Institute]
• [http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/129948/the_chemistry_of_game_design.php?print=1 The Chemistry Of Game Design] at Gamasutra - by Daniel Cook
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwPe3OHR04c Daniel Cook: Game Design Theory I Wish I had Known When I Started] video from YouTube
• [http://aeon.co/magazine/culture/welcome-to-the-scarcity-games/ Hunger games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511231800/http://aeon.co/magazine/culture/welcome-to-the-scarcity-games/ |date=2015-05-11 }} (January 2015). "A new wave of videogames offers lessons in powerlessness, scarcity and inevitable failure. What makes them so compelling?" Will Wiles, Aeon
• [https://culture.pl/en/article/investigating-the-polish-school-of-video-gaming Investigating the Polish School of Video Gaming]

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Category:Video game development