Video modeling

Video modeling is a form of video-based intervention (VBI); other forms include video prompting, computer-based video instruction, and video priming. Several dimensions of effectiveness have been identified for VBI.{{cite journal |journal= Res Autism Spectr Disord |year=2009 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=291–303 |title= Video-based intervention for individuals with autism: key questions that remain unanswered |vauthors=Rayner C, Denholm C, Sigafoos J |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2008.09.001}} The term video modeling was coined in 1999, by the filmmaker James Stanfield to describe the function of a "series of video tapes that teach appropriate social behavior to special-education students, by use of professional actors and actresses who demonstrate appropriate behavior (wrong way/right way)".{{cite web |url=http://www.trademarkia.com/video-modeling-75372737.html |title=Video Modeling |publisher=TradeMarkia |access-date=July 4, 2013}}

The National Clearinghouse on Autism Evidence and Practice describes video modeling (VM) as an evidence-based practice (EBP). The pedagogic effectiveness of video modeling is greater with elementary school children in the age range from 6 years to 11 years. This evidence-based practice is successfully applied to children from toddler-age to older adolescents (young adults). There are several types of video modeling, including adult or peer as video model, video self-modeling, point-of-view video modeling, video prompting, and video feedback.Video modeling has provides an opportunity to the learner to watch a recording of the target behavior or skill then practice when provided the chance.{{Cite web |title=EBP Report |url=https://ncaep.fpg.unc.edu/sites/ncaep.fpg.unc.edu/files/imce/documents/EBP%20Report%202020.pdf |website=ncaep.fpg.unc.edu}}

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Researchers Kathleen Mccoy and Emily Hermansen observe:

Video modeling is particularly effective in ABA programs in teaching behaviors to children with autism (Nikopoulos & Keenan, 2006). Video technology is one facet of positive behavior supports for individuals with disabilities (Sturmey, 2003).... Video modeling is innately appealing to instructors who find live modeling to be very time consuming. Charlop-Christy, Le, and Freeman (2000) found that video modeling resulted in quicker rates of acquisition and increases in generalization in comparison to live modeling. Video modeling is also more cost efficient and requires less time for training and implementation than in vivo (live) modeling (Graetz, Mastropieri, & Scruggs, 2006)....Additional benefits to video modeling include an increased ability to gain and hold the student's attention as well as the ability to have complete control over the observed stimuli (Dorwrick, 1991).{{cite journal |title= Video modeling for individuals with autism: a review of model types and effects |vauthors=McCoy K, Hermansen E |journal= Educ Treat Child |volume=30 |issue=4 |year=2007 |pages=183–213 |doi=10.1353/etc.2007.0029|s2cid=145055290 }}

Video modeling has been proven to successfully teach empathy, or perspective, where other methods have failed. The ability to be able to "see things from another person's point of view" is termed theory of mind by the research community (ToM; Happe et al., 1996). This ability is well developed by the age of 4 in typical children, but appears to be delayed or absent altogether in children with ASD. Researchers Marjorie H. Charlop-Christy and Sabrina Daneshvar observe:

Video modeling was used to teach perspective taking to three children with autism....Generalization across untrained similar stimuli was also assessed. Video modeling was a fast and effective tool for teaching perspective-taking tasks to children with autism, resulting in both stimulus and response generalization. These results concurred with previous research that perspective taking can be taught. Unlike other studies, however, wider ranges of generalization were found.{{cite journal |journal= J Posit Behav Interv |year=2003 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |title= Using video modeling to teach perspective taking to children with autism |vauthors=Charlop-Christy MH, Daneshvar S |doi=10.1177/10983007030050010101|s2cid=144952720 }}

This study is significant as it illustrates the increased generalization, or continued natural use of a learned skill. This effect has been witnessed in areas ranging from the teaching of conversationCharlop, M. H., & Milstein, J. P. (1989). Teaching autistic children conversational speech using video modeling. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. to pretend playReagon, K. A., Higbee, T. S., & Endicott, K. (2006). Teaching pretend play skills to a student with autism using video modeling with a sibling as model and play partner. Education and Treatment of Children. to purchasing skillsHaring, T. G., Kennedy, C. H., Adams, M. J., & Pitts-Conway, V. (1987). Teaching generalization of purchasing skills across community settings to autistic youth using videotape modeling. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. using video modeling.

A specific form of video modeling based on the discrete trial method of applied behavior analysis was developed and documented by Laura Kasbar in 2000 as a way to teach children who do not respond well to other kinds of therapy, including traditional applied behavior analysis (ABA). Kasbar in 2000, and then Dunn and Dunn in 2006, recognized that the precepts of ABA, most notably the very controlled or "discrete" presentation of desired information could be more effectively taught using the video medium rather than in vivo (Dunn and Dunn, 2006).A comparison of video modeling with in vivo modeling for teaching children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 537-552. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. Using this method, retention of the information taught is greatly increased.{{cite journal |vauthors=Corbett BA, Abdullah M |year=2005 |title= Video modeling: why does it work for children with autism? |journal= J Early Intensive Behav Interv |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–8 |doi=10.1037/h0100294 |url=http://behavior-analyst-today.com/JEIBI-VOL-2/JEIBI-2-1.pdf }} Video modeling was also shown to be an effective way to teach older children, when many other therapy methods have been ineffectual.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellini S, Akullian J |year=2007 |title= A meta-analysis of video modeling and video self-modeling interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders |journal= Except Child |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=264–87 |doi=10.1177/001440290707300301 |s2cid=62794059}}

• {{cite press release |date=2007-03-29 |title=Watching videos can help children with autism learn social skills |website=Indiana University |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/5254.html}} This work was furthered in the study, "Using Video-Enhanced Activity Schedules and Matrix Training to Teach Sociodramatic Play to a Child with Autism" by Melissa Dauphin, Elisabeth M. Kinney, Robert Stromer in their study which demonstrated video modeling's ability to improve and encourage non-scripted interaction and communication. Christos K. Nikopoulos (2007) found that video modeling could be used to produce generalized social skills.Nikopoulos, C.S. (2007). Use of Video Modeling to Increase Generalization of Social Play by Children with Autism. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(2), 195-212 [http://www.baojournal.com BAO] {{doi|10.1037/h0100222|doi-access=free}}

• Autism therapies
• Educational technology
• Feedforward, Behavioral and Cognitive Science

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• [http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/5254.html Watching videos can help children with autism learn social skills] Indiana University

{{Autism resources}}

Category:Treatment of autism

Category:Educational psychology