Vietnam People's Navy

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}

{{main|Naval history of Vietnam}}

{{Further|Republic of Vietnam Navy}}

File:North Vietnamese P-4 under fire from USS Maddox (2 August 1964).jpg 1964]]

On 19 July 1946, Acting President of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) Huỳnh Thúc Kháng signed into law a decree establishing the modern Vietnamese navy. Then, on 10 September of that year, General Võ Nguyên Giáp started to build a flotilla as the core of the new navy. On 8 March 1949, Vietnam established the Department of Naval Research under the General Staff. This department has performed both research and training to prepare for combat missions.

Following the Geneva Conference in 1954, the DRV went about creating its own naval forces. On 7 May 1955 the Vietnam People's Navy was created with the establishment of the General Directorate of Coastal Defence, it formed the basis for the Navy Operational Command (based on the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence decree No. 284/ND signed by General Võ Nguyên Giáp to established Naval Research Board, under the General Staff, on 8 March 1949). The primary mission of the Navy was to patrol the coastal areas and the inland waterways.

Throughout the Vietnam War the role played by the Vietnam People's Navy (or North Vietnamese Navy) was largely unknown to the public. However, on 2 August 1964, three North Vietnamese Swatow-class patrol boats attacked the destroyer {{USS|Maddox|DD-731|6}} in what became known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The second attack, which the United States claimed to have occurred on 4 August, was dismissed by the North Vietnamese as a fabrication.

The North Vietnamese, however, had maintained their own version of the events which took place. According to official VPN accounts Maddox penetrated North Vietnamese waters on 31 July 1964, and provoked a battle with the North Vietnamese. In response to American provocation, three 123K-class torpedo boats from the 135th Torpedo Boat Battalion were dispatched to intercept the American destroyer. The resulting clash became known as the 'Battle of Thanh Hóa' in which North Vietnamese "torpedo boats succeeded in driving the Maddox out of Vietnam's territorial waters, shooting down a U.S. aircraft and damaging another".

Apart from patrolling territorial waters, the Navy also had the mission of transporting military supplies to support the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. On 31 October 1961, a sea route version of the Ho Chi Minh trail was established by the Navy, with the 759th Transport Unit responsible for carrying military supplies and other goods for the Communist ground forces in South Vietnam. To avoid detection by the South Vietnamese and U.S. navies, North Vietnamese transport ships were often disguised as fishing trawlers. On 16 February 1965, a 100-ton North Vietnamese trawler from the Transportation Group 125 was discovered at Vung Ro Bay. This led to the creation of Operation Market Time by the US Navy to intercept disguised enemy ships.

On 19 April 1972, the Navy and Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) participated in the Battle of Đồng Hới off the coast of North Vietnam. During this battle it was believed that the U.S. Navy destroyed a Soviet-made cruise missile for the first time. The destroyer {{USS|Higbee|DD-806|6}} was damaged after a VPAF MiG-17 dropped a {{convert|250|lb|abbr=on}} bomb, destroying a {{convert|5|in|mm|adj=on|0}} aft gun mount.

In the years following the complete withdrawal of U.S. and other allied forces, the North Vietnamese went back on the offensive. As part of the Ho Chi Minh Campaign, the Navy increased the transportation of military supplies, food and uniform to the Communist forces in the South. When the PAVN occupied the northern provinces of South Vietnam in 1975, captured Republic of Vietnam Navy (RVNN) vessels were pressed into service with the Navy. In April 1975, ex-RVNN vessels carried North Vietnamese troops to capture the Spratly Islands. Opening battle in the island Southwest Cay (Vietnamese: Song Tử tây) on 4 April 1975, amphibious raid by sea of the Naval Marine corps number 1 (precursor of the 126th Brigade Naval Marine corps) and three vessels of the 125 corps coordinated with the commandos of the 5th Military Region, after 30 minutes, the Navy controlled the main battle area, facilitating the capture of the other islands.{{cite web |url=http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/HQND-Viet-Nam-Hien-hach-nhung-chien-cong/20116/148663.datviet |title=HQND Việt Nam: Hiển hách những chiến công |date=6 June 2011 |website=Đất Việt |language=vi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430121853/http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/HQND-Viet-Nam-Hien-hach-nhung-chien-cong/20116/148663.datviet |archive-date=30 April 2012}} The Navy gained control of Sand Cay island (26 April), Namyit Island (27 April), Sin Cowe Island (28 April) and Spratly Island (29 April).{{cite web |url=http://www.tienphong.vn/xa-hoi/phong-su/192337/Ky-1--Than-toc-giai-phong-Truong-Sa.html |title=Kỳ 1 : Thần tốc giải phóng Trường Sa |date=23 April 2010 |website=Tiền Phong Online |language=vi |access-date=21 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521165816/http://www.tienphong.vn/xa-hoi/phong-su/192337/Ky-1--Than-toc-giai-phong-Truong-Sa.html |archive-date=21 May 2013}} The Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) had captured the Paracel Islands from the South Vietnamese in January 1974. These islands are also claimed by Vietnam, however they have no current presence there.

File:Quân đội duyệt binh ở Trường Sa.JPG]]

Prior to 1975, the Navy operated fewer than forty patrol boats along with the coastal junk force. With the collapse of South Vietnam on 30 April 1975, the Navy was expanded with ships from the defunct RVNN. Captured vessels included two patrol frigates, over one hundred patrol craft, and about fifty amphibious warfare ships. Consequently, the navy ballooned in size to become the largest Southeast Asian navy by the mid-1980s, with 1,300 out of its 1,500 vessels captured from the South Vietnamese Navy or US Navy.Cima, R.J (1987). Vietnam: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 279.

In the late 1970s the naval infantry (or marines) was formed to be stationed on the areas claimed by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the Spratly Islands. The naval infantry is equipped with PT-76 light tanks, BTR-60 personnel carriers and naval infantrymen are armed with AK-74 rifle, AKM-47 assault rifles, Makarov PM pistol (Officers), and PKM machinegun infantry weapons, and more.

In March 1988, the Navy fought against the PLAN at Johnson Reef, causing the losses to the Vietnamese of several transport ships and up to 64 deaths. The battle was won by the PLAN who outgunned and outnumbered them, using a fleet of frigates against Vietnamese lightly armed transport ships. This prompted the Navy to modernise its weapons and its overall naval capabilities.

File:Gepard 3.9 frigate Quang Trung (016) of Vietnam People's Navy in MILAN2022 - 2.jpg

The VPN began modernizing with its contract purchasing two Gepard-class frigates from Russia in 2006. From that point until 2016, a series of changes were implemented to transform the VPN from a purely brown-water navy to one capable of safeguarding its territorial interests in the South China Sea. Its most modern ships in 2011 were its 5 Petya-class frigates (2 Petya-III's from the late 70s, and 3 Petya-III's from the 80s) and a KBO-2000 fast attack craft. The navy attempted a KBO-2000 project with Russia in which the Severnoye Design Bureau designed a KBO-2000 which was constructed in Ba Son Shipyard in Ho Chi Minh City. Only one ship of this class was built by Vietnam, designated HQ-381, but it did not meet the Navy's expectations and so the project was canceled.{{harvnb|Supriyanto|2017|pp=94–95}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}

File:Vietnam Naval Regions.jpg

Organisational levels of Vietnam People's Navy, from highest to lowest are:

• Naval Headquarters (Bộ tư lệnh Hải quân) takes command of the entire Navy
• Naval Regions (Vùng Hải quân) 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
• Naval Brigade (Lữ đoàn Hải quân)
• Naval Regiment (Trung đoàn Hải quân)
• Naval Battalion (Hải đoàn)
• Squadron (Hải đội)

On 26 October 1975, the Ministry of Defence issued Decision No.141/QD-QP which established five Coastal Areas of Naval Command and jurisdiction provisions of the five regions. In 1978, they were renamed as the following naval regions:

• 1st Regional Command (A Regional Command): Gulf of Tonkin, north coast from Quảng Ninh to Hà Tĩnh and the islands in Gulf of Tonkin. Command Headquarters: Haiphong.
• Commander: Rear Admiral Phạm Văn Điển.
• Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Phạm Văn Vững.
• 2nd Regional Command (B Regional Command): South China Sea and south coast from Bình Thuận to Bạc Liêu, southern continental shelf, including the key areas are economic science service areas (called are DK1, DK2). Command Headquarters: Nhơn Trạch, Đồng Nai.
• Commander: Rear Admiral Phạm Khắc Lượng.
• Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Nguyễn Phong Cảnh.
• 3rd Regional Command (C Regional Command): North central coast, from Quảng Bình to Bình Định, including the islands of Cồn Cỏ, Lý Sơn,... and Paracel Islands. Command Headquarters: Da Nang.
• Commander: Rear Admiral Đỗ Quốc Việt
• Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Nguyễn Tiến Dũng
• 4th Regional Command (D Regional Command): South China Sea, south central coast including Spratly Islands, Phú Quý island and the south central coast, from Phú Yên to Bình Thuận. Command Headquarters: Cam Ranh Bay military port, Khánh Hòa province.
• Commander: Rear Admiral Phạm Văn Hoành.
• Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Phạm Thanh Hóa.
• 5th Regional Command (E Regional Command): South China Sea and coast in Gulf of Thailand from Cà Mau to Kiên Giang. Command Headquarters: Phú Quốc, Kiên Giang.
• Commander: Rear Admiral Nguyễn Duy Tỷ.
• Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Ngô Văn Phát.
• Naval Infantry

{{see also|Vietnamese military ranks and insignia}}

The following are the rank insignia of commissioned officers. Beginning in the 2010s, Navy officers were given gold sleeve and cuff insignia following the practice of most international navies, which are worn on the cuff in the full dress with the executive curl.

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

{{See also|Vietnamese military academies}}

The Vietnamese naval academy, with its headquarters in Nha Trang, is the main institute for training naval commanding officers for the divisional level, and commanding staffs at tactical/campaign levels. Students include both undergraduates and postgraduates serving in the military.

The forerunner of the Vietnam Naval Academy, the Coastal Training School, was established on 26 April 1955 by the General Staff. The school has changed name several times, such as the Naval Training School in 1959, the Naval School of Vietnam in 1961, the Naval Officers School in 1967, and the School of Naval Engineering Command in 1980. The school renamed itself the Naval Academy in 1993.

After 55 years of development, combat and growth, the academy has trained thousands of officers and technical staff for major specialised fields such as vessel control, mining and anti-mine operations, anti-submarine missiles, gunships, information, radar, sonar, coastal radar, shipyard work, the Coast Guard, and Border Defence Force.

In addition, the naval academy has trained officers for both the Royal Cambodian Navy and the Lao People's Navy.

The current total manpower of the navy is around 50,000 officers and enlisted personnel, including naval infantry and other specialised units.

{{Main|List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Navy}}

• Vietnam Coast Guard
• Republic of Vietnam Navy
• Gulf of Tonkin incident
• Vũng Rô Bay Incident

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|title=The Tongking Gulf Through History|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812243369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mlKjn3FfoMC|edition=illustrated|access-date=4 January 2013|editor1-first=Nola|editor1-last=Cooke|editor2-first=Tana|editor2-last=Li|editor3-first=James|editor3-last=Anderson}}
• {{cite book|last=Lary|first=Diana|title=The Chinese State at the Borders|year=2007|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0774813334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFzhWyoYG_wC|edition=illustrated|editor=Diana Lary|access-date=4 January 2013}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Supriyanto|editor-first=Ristian Atriandi|title=Naval Modernisation in Southeast Asia: Problems and Prospects for Small and Medium Navies|year=2017|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319584065}}
• {{cite book|last=Tsai|first=Shih-Shan Henry|title=The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0791426874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC|edition=illustrated|access-date=5 January 2013}}
• {{cite book | last = Wade | first = Geoff | title = Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource | url = http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/ | publisher = Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore | year = 2005 | access-date=6 November 2012}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818234113/http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3027151.html Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Reappraisal 40 Years Later]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061217081001/http://mrfa.org/tf115a.htm Task Force 115]
• [http://www.navweaps.com/index_tech/tech-025.htm Analysis of the Battle of Dong Hoi]
• [http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/asiapac/vietnam.htm World Navies Vietnam]
• [http://hq.qdnd.vn/ Official website]

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