Virescence
File:Knolliger_Hahnenfuß_(Ranunculus_bulbosus)_'Pleniflorus'_5861.JPG{{Short description|Abnormal greening of plant parts}}
Virescence is the abnormal development of green pigmentation in plant parts that are not normally green, like shoots or flowers (in which case it is known as floral virescence).{{cite book|author=Masters, M.T.|author-link=Maxwell T. Masters|title =Vegetable Teratology, an Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants|publisher =Robert Hardwicke|year =1869|page=[https://archive.org/details/vegetableteratol00mastuoft/page/240 240]–281|url =https://archive.org/details/vegetableteratol00mastuoft}} Virescence is closely associated with phyllody (the abnormal development of flower parts into leaves) and witch's broom (the abnormal growth of a dense mass of shoots from a single point). They are often symptoms of the same disease affecting the plants, typically those caused by phytoplasmas.{{cite book|author1=Hogenhout, S.A.|author-link1=Saskia Hogenhout |author2=Šeruga Musić, M. |editor1=Weintraub, P.G. |editor2=Jones, P. |title =Phytoplasmas: Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors|url=https://archive.org/details/phytoplasmasgeno00wein|url-access=limited|chapter =Phytoplasma Genomics, from Sequencing to Comparative and Functional Genomics – What Have We Learnt?|publisher =CABI|year =2010|pages=[https://archive.org/details/phytoplasmasgeno00wein/page/n33 19]–37|isbn = 9781845935306}} The term chloranthy is also sometimes used for floral virescence, though it is more commonly used for phyllody.{{cite book|author=Shastri, V.|title =Academic Dictionary Of Biology|publisher =Isha Books|year =2005|isbn =9788182051874}}
The term was coined around 1825, from Latin virescere, "to become green". In the English language the term virescent may also refer to greenness (cf. verdant).{{cite web|url=http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/cide/193236/Virescent|title=Virescent|publisher=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias|access-date=10 November 2012}}
Cause
The main cause of virescence is the presence of phytoplasma, pathogenic microorganisms that infect plants and disrupt their growth. Phytoplasmas often alter normal processes in plants, such as flower color development, leading to virescence.{{Cite journal |last1=Davey |first1=J.E. |last2=Van Staden |first2=J. |last3=De Leeuw |first3=G.T.N. |date=September 1981 |title=Endogenous cytokinin levels and development of flower virescence in Catharanthus roseus infected with mycoplasmas |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-4059(81)80021-5 |journal=Physiological Plant Pathology |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.1016/s0048-4059(81)80021-5 |issn=0048-4059|url-access=subscription }} However, there are cases where green flower coloration can also be attributed to genetic factors within the plant itself.
Diagnosing it can be challenging in some cases, as naturally green-colored flowers and genetic factors modifying anthocyanin distribution in plants can mimic its symptoms. For instance, it can be observed in certain Chinese rose varieties and specific clones of periwinkle. While the most notable phytoplasma-associated diseases are commonly reported in commercially grown flowering species, virescence also affects horticultural and seed crops, including tomatoes, cabbages, strawberries, and clover, among others.{{Cite journal |last=Bertaccini |first=Assunta |date=2022-05-27 |title=Plants and Phytoplasmas: When Bacteria Modify Plants |journal=Plants |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=1425 |doi=10.3390/plants11111425 |doi-access=free |pmid=35684198 |pmc=9182842 |issn=2223-7747}}
Impact
The impacts of virescence can vary depending on the type of plant affected. In commercial flowering plants, virescence can reduce the aesthetic appeal of flowers, potentially impacting their market value and attractiveness to buyers. Additionally, virescence can serve as an indicator of phytoplasma infection, which can cause significant production losses in agricultural and horticultural crops. Therefore, a better understanding of virescence and its influencing factors is crucial for plant disease control and sustainable agriculture management.