Virgibacillus
{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Taxobox
| domain = Bacteria
| phylum = Bacillota
| classis = Bacilli
| ordo = Bacillales
| familia = Amphibacillaceae
| genus = Virgibacillus
| genus_authority = Heyndrickx et al. 1998
| type_species = Virgibacillus pantothenticus
| type_species_authority =(Proom & Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text
| synonyms =
- Agaribacter Teramoto & Nishijima 2014
- Salibacillus Wainø et al. 1999
}}
Virgibacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria and a member of the phylum Bacillota. Virgibacillus species can be obligate aerobes (oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes and catalase enzyme positive. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval or ellipsoidal endospores in terminal, or sometimes subterminal, swollen sporangia. The genus was recently reclassified from the genus Bacillus in 1998 following an analysis of the species V. pantothenticus.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/00207713-48-1-99| title = Virgibacillus: A new genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus| journal = International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology| volume = 48| pages = 99–106| year = 1998| last1 = Heyndrickx | first1 = M.| last2 = Lebbe | first2 = L.| last3 = Kersters | first3 = K.| last4 = De Vos | first4 = P.| last5 = Forsyth | first5 = G.| last6 = Logan | first6 = N. A.| doi-access = free}} Subsequently, a number of new species have been discovered or reclassified as Virgibacillus species.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.020974-0| title = Virgibacillus soli sp. nov., isolated from mountain soil| journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume = 61| issue = 2| pages = 275–280| year = 2010| last1 = Kampfer | first1 = P.| last2 = Arun | first2 = A. B.| last3 = Busse | first3 = H. - J. | last4 = Langer | first4 = S.| last5 = Young | first5 = C. - C. | last6 = Chen | first6 = W. - M. | last7 = Syed | first7 = A. A.| last8 = Rekha | first8 = P. D. | pmid=20228217| doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.028191-0| title = Virgibacillus alimentarius sp. nov., isolated from a traditional Korean food| journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume = 61| issue = 12| pages = 2851–2855| year = 2011| last1 = Kim | first1 = J.| last2 = Jung | first2 = M. -J. | last3 = Roh | first3 = S. W.| last4 = Nam | first4 = Y. -D. | last5 = Shin | first5 = K. -S. | last6 = Bae | first6 = J. -W. | pmid=21239563| doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.033084-0| title = Virgibacillus campisalis sp. nov., from a marine solar saltern| journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume = 62| issue = 2| pages = 347–351| year = 2011| last1 = Lee | first1 = S. -Y. | last2 = Kang | first2 = C. -H. | last3 = Oh | first3 = T. -K. | last4 = Yoon | first4 = J. -H. | pmid=21441379| doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02371-0| title = Virgibacillus carmonensis sp. nov., Virgibacillus necropolis sp. nov. And Virgibacillus picturae sp. nov., three novel species isolated from deteriorated mural paintings, transfer of the species of the genus Salibacillus to Virgibacillus, as Virgibacillus marismortui comb. Nov. And Virgibacillus salexigens comb. Nov., and emended description of the genus Virgibacillus| journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume = 53| issue = 2| pages = 501–511| year = 2003| last1 = Heyrman | first1 = J.| pmid=12710619| doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083| title = Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. And emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998| journal = International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology| volume = 49| issue = 3| pages = 1083–90| year = 1999| last1 = Heyndrickx | first1 = M.| last2 = Lebbe | first2 = L.| last3 = Kersters | first3 = K.| last4 = Hoste | first4 = B.| last5 = De Wachter | first5 = R.| last6 = De Vos | first6 = P.| last7 = Forsyth | first7 = G.| last8 = Logan | first8 = N. A. | pmid=10425765| doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.63196-0| title = Transfer of Bacillus halodenitrificans Denariaz et al. 1989 to the genus Virgibacillus as Virgibacillus halodenitrificans comb. Nov| journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume = 54| issue = 6| pages = 2163–2167| year = 2004| last1 = Yoon | first1 = J. -H.| pmid=15545452| doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.63613-0| title = Virgibacillus dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from a Korean island, Dokdo, located at the edge of the East Sea in Korea| journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume = 55| issue = 5| pages = 1833–1837| year = 2005| last1 = Yoon | first1 = J. -H.| pmid=16166674| doi-access = free}}
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN){{cite web |author=A.C. Parte |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/virgibacillus |title=Virgibacillus |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) |display-authors=et al.}} and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).{{cite web |author=C.L. Schoch |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=84406&lvl=3&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Virgibacillus |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database |display-authors=et al.}}
| class="wikitable" |
| colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024{{cite web |title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}{{cite web |title=LTP_all tree in newick format |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}{{cite web |title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}
! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}} |
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{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Sinibacillus }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Ornithinibacillus gellani |2={{clade |2={{clade |1=Tigheibacillus halophilus (An et al. 2007) Miliotis et al. 2024 |2=Virgibacillus soli Kämpfer et al. 2011 }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Virgibacillus~2 |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=V. kekensis Chen et al. 2008 |2={{clade |1=V. litoralis Chen et al. 2012 |2={{clade |1=V. salinus Carrasco, Marquez & Ventosa 2009 |2=V. subterraneus Wang, Xue & Ma 2010 }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=V. oceani Yin et al. 2015 |2={{clade |1=V. byunsanensis Yoon et al. 2010 |2={{clade |1=V. flavescens Zhang et al. 2016 |2={{clade |1=V. arcticus Niederberger et al. 2009 |2={{clade |1=V. phasianinus Tak et al. 2018 |2={{clade |1=V. carmonensis Heyrman et al. 2003 |2=V. necropolis Heyrman et al. 2003 }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Oceanobacillus halotolerans }} |2={{clade |1=Lentibacillus~ |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Virgibacillus siamensis Tanasupawat et al. 2011 }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Virgibacillus halodenitrificans (Denariaz, Payne & Le Gall 1989) Yoon, Oh & Park 2004 |2={{clade |label1=Oceanobacillus~1 |1={{clade |1=Oceanobacillus kapialis Namwong et al. 2009 |2=Oceanobacillus picturae (Heyrman et al. 2003) Lee et al. 2006 }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Virgibacillus |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=V. pantothenticus |2={{clade }} }} |2={{clade |1=V. proomii |2={{clade |1={{clade |2={{clade |1=V. massiliensis Khelaifia et al. 2023 |2=V. kapii Daroonpunt et al. 2016 }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=V. kimchii Oh et al. 2021 |2={{clade |1=V. sediminis }} }} |2={{clade |1=V. marismortui (Arahal et al. 1999) Heyrman et al. 2003 |2={{clade |1=V. olivae Quesada et al. 2007 |2=V. salarius Hua et al. 2008 }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Virgibacillus~3 |1={{clade |1=V. halotolerans Seiler & Wenning 2013 |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=V. jeotgali Sundararaman et al. 2017 |2=V. natechei Amziane et al. 2016 }} |2={{clade |1=V. alimentarius Kim et al. 2011 |2=V. campisalis Lee et al. 2012 }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Virgibacillus~4 |1={{clade |1=V. indicus Xu et al. 2018 |2=V. profundi Xu et al. 2018 }} }} |2=other }} }} |2=other }} }} }} }} | {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |1=Virgibacillus alimentarius [incl. Virgibacillus campisalis] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Lentibacillus_C |2={{clade |label1=Virgibacillus_E & F |1={{clade |1={{clade |1="Virgibacillus ndiopensis" Francis et al. 2019 }} |2={{clade }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=Oceanobacillus halotolerans |2=Lentibacillus [incl. "Virgibacillus ihumii", Virgibacillus siamensis, }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Ornithinibacillus gellani }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Virgibacillus |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=V. indicus |2=V. profundi }} |2={{clade |2={{clade |1=V. natechei }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=V. halodenitrificans |2={{clade |1="Oceanobacillus manasiensis" |2=Oceanobacillus jordanicus }} }} |2={{clade |1=V. salarius |2={{clade |2={{clade |1=V. proomii |2={{clade |1=V. pantothenticus |2={{clade }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2=other }} }} }} }} }} |
See also
References
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