Virtual workplace

{{short description|Workplace that is not located in any physical space}}

A virtual workplace is a work environment where employees can perform their duties remotely, using technology such as laptops, smartphones, and video conferencing tools. A virtual workplace is not located in any one physical space. It is usually a network of several workplaces technologically connected (via a private network or the Internet) without regard to geographic boundaries. Employees are thus able to interact in a collaborative working environment regardless of where they are located. A virtual workplace integrates hardware, people, and online processes.{{Cite web|title=Getting started — eXo Platform 5.3 documentation - Space definition.|url=https://docs.exoplatform.org/en/5.3/GettingStarted.html#space|website=docs.exoplatform.org|access-date=2020-05-14}}

The phenomenon of a virtual workplace has grown in the 2000s as advances in technology have made it easier for employees to work from anywhere with an internet connection.

The virtual workplace industry includes companies that offer remote work solutions, such as virtual meeting (teleconference) software and project management tools. Consulting firms can also help companies transition to a virtual workplace if needed. The latest technology evolution in the space is virtual office software which allows companies to gather all their team members in one virtual workplace.{{Cite news |last=Woo |first=Erin |date=2021-07-06 |title=Work at Home or the Office? Either Way, There's a Start-Up for That. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/technology/hybrid-work-startups.html |access-date=2023-02-15 |issn=0362-4331}} Companies in a variety of industries, including technology, finance, and healthcare, are turning to virtual workplaces to increase employee flexibility and productivity, reduce office costs, and attract and retain top talent. Recently, there have been four industries that consider remote work suitable: communications and information technology, educational services, media and communications, and professional and business services.{{Cite journal |last1=Tahlyan |first1=Divyakant |last2=Said |first2=Maher |last3=Mahmassani |first3=Hani|author3-link=Hani Mahmassani |last4=Stathopoulos |first4=Amanda |last5=Walker |first5=Joan |last6=Shaheen |first6=Susan |date=2022-01-01 |title=For whom did telework not work during the Pandemic? understanding the factors impacting telework satisfaction in the US using a multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) model |url= |journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice |language=en |volume=155 |pages=387–402 |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.025 |issn=0965-8564 |pmc=9759408 |pmid=36570728|bibcode=2022TRPA..155..387T }}

History

As information technology began to play a greater role in the daily operations of organizations, virtual workplaces developed as an augmentation or alternative to traditional work environments of rooms, cubicles and office buildings.

In 2010, the Telework Enhancement Act of 2010 required each Executive agency in the United States to establish a policy allowing remote work to the maximum extent possible, so long as employee performance is not diminished.{{Cite web |title=Telework Enhancement Act of 2010 (2010 - H.R. 1722) |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr1722 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Legislation - Telework.gov |url=http://www.telework.gov/guidance-legislation/telework-legislation/legislation/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=U.S. Office of Personnel Management |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2010-12-09 |title=Statement by the Press Secretary |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/12/09/statement-press-secretary |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=whitehouse.gov |language=en}}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of workers began remote work for the first time.{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title='Work from anywhere' is here to stay. How will it change our workplaces? |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/technology/story/2020-11-12/companies-will-allow-employees-to-work-wherever-they-want |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}} 88% of office workers worldwide reported working from home during the pandemic, which was novel for 57%.{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Michelle A |title=A POST-PANDEMIC ANTIDISCRIMINATION APPROACH TO WORKPLACE FLEXIBILITY |url=https://journals.library.wustl.edu/lawpolicy/article/1029/galley/17864/view/}}

Research from IWG found that 70% of employees globally work remotely at least one day every week, and more than half do so at least half of the week.{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Ryan |title=70% of people globally work remotely at least once a week, study says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/30/70-percent-of-people-globally-work-remotely-at-least-once-a-week-iwg-study.html |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}

Cities in which the population of remote workers increased significantly were referred to as Zoom towns.{{Cite web |last=Rosalsky |first=Greg |date=September 8, 2020 |title=Zoom Towns And The New Housing Market For The 2 Americas |website=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2020/09/08/909680016/zoom-towns-and-the-new-housing-market-for-the-2-americas}}

Types

Individual virtual workplaces vary in how they apply existing technology to facilitate team cooperation:

Remote work: the availability and use of communications technologies, such as the Internet, to work in an offsite location.
Hot desking: employees do not have individual desks but are rather each day allocated to a desk where they can access technology services including the Internet, email and computer network files. This is similar to "Hoteling": recognizing that employees spend more time at clients' offices than at the employer's office, they are not assigned a permanent desk.
Virtual team: employees collaborate by working closely together and in regular contact, although physically located in different parts of the world.

Drivers

There are several factors that drive the interest in using virtual workplaces.

= Office space and its cost =

Office space has become a major expense for many organisations,{{cite web|author1=Carter Jonas|title=With London office rents predicted to increase by 13% by 2017, tenants are seeking ways to reduce their property footprint|url=http://www.carterjonas.co.uk/news-and-events/news-and-press-releases/June-15/cost-analysis.aspx|publisher=Carter Jonas|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en}} and virtual meetings can save money{{Cite book |last1=Verderber |first1=Rudolph F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqKoBAAAQBAJ |title=COMM3 |last2=Verderber |first2=Kathleen S. |last3=Sellnow |first3=Deanna D. |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-43696-1 |pages=122 |language=en}} by being a direct substitute of meeting face to face.{{Cite book |last1=Anna |first1=Mellin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gg8oEAAAQBAJ |title=Sustainable Nordic cities with focus on climate smart mobility |last2=Alice |first2=Dahlstrand |last3=Anders |first3=Lewald |last4=David |first4=Mowitz |date=2021-02-01 |publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers |isbn=978-92-893-6923-7 |pages=16 |language=en}} One response has been to reduce the amount of space each employee occupies; another is to increase the flexibility of the office's layout and design.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

= Fuel and energy costs =

The expenses of the energy consumption to physically commute are increasing rapidly. Planners and public policymakers share a strong belief that remote work with a virtual workspace is one of the most sustainable and competitive modes of commuting in terms of travel time and cost, flexibility, and environmental impacts.{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Seung-Nam |date=2017-02-07 |title=Is telecommuting sustainable? An alternative approach to estimating the impact of home-based telecommuting on household travel |url=|journal=International Journal of Sustainable Transportation |language=en|volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=72–85|doi=10.1080/15568318.2016.1193779 |bibcode=2017IJSTr..11...72K |s2cid=156991681 |issn=1556-8318}}

Challenges

Some common challenges are:

Lack of human contact could cause decreased team spirit, trust and productivity (and researchers indicate trust is a vital aspect){{cite journal|last1=Harney|first1=Owen|last2=Hogan|first2=Michael J.|last3=Broome|first3=Benjamin J.|title=Collaborative learning: the effects of trust and open and closed dynamics on consensus and efficacy|journal=Social Psychology of Education|date=December 2012|volume=15|issue=4|pages=517–532|doi=10.1007/s11218-012-9202-6|s2cid=40620898|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/products/journals|language=en|format=pdf|issn=1573-1928|oclc=11218}}
Cultural diversity is not yet achieving the expected benefits{{cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Soo Jeoung|last2=Beyerlen|first2=Michael|title=Framing the Effects of Multinational Cultural Diversity on Virtual Team Processes|journal=Small Group Research|date=August 2016|volume=47|issue=4|pages=351–383|doi=10.1177/1046496416653480|s2cid=148547063|issn=1046-4964|language=en}}
Virtual offices might cause a lack of social interactions and creativity (even though the on-site office is often one of the most important source of stress for employees){{Cite journal|last=Stich|first=Jean-François|date=2020-07-02|title=A review of workplace stress in the virtual office|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2020.1759023|journal=Intelligent Buildings International|volume=12|issue=3|pages=208–220|doi=10.1080/17508975.2020.1759023|s2cid=218949023|issn=1750-8975}}