Virucide

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a virucide is "An agent that kills viruses to make them noninfective."{{cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Glossary {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/glossary.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}

According to a definition by Robert Koch Institute Germany and further institutions,{{cite journal | vauthors = Steinmann J, Wolff MH | title = Testing virucidal activity in Germany: an update | journal = GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = Doc04 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 20200665 | pmc = 2831492 | url = https://www.egms.de/static/en/journals/dgkh/2007-2/dgkh000037.shtml }} virucide means effective against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.{{cite web|title=Liste der vom Robert Koch-Institut geprüften und anerkannten Desinfektionsmittel und -verfahren|trans-title=List of the disinfectants and methods tested and recognized by the Robert Koch Institut e|url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/Krankenhaushygiene/Desinfektionsmittel/Virusinaktivierung/Aufber_Medizinprod_FAQ_07.html |access-date= 2021-04-14|website=www.rki.de|language=de}}{{cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144041/|title=Review of preparations used for hand hygiene|first4=20894|date=2009|publisher=World Health Organization|language=en}}

Due to the complexity of the subject, in Germany, Robert-Koch-Institute introduced sub-definitions such as "limited virucidal" or "limited virucidal plus" (translated from German) to differentiate its meaning further.{{cite web|title=RKI stellt Wirkungsspektrum "begrenzt viruzid PLUS" vor|url=https://www.hartmann.info/de-de/wissen-und-news/f/c/rki-wirkungsspektrum-begrenzt-viruzid-plus|access-date=2021-07-05|website=HARTMANN GROUP|language=de}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwebke I, Eggers M, Gebel J, Geisel B, Glebe D, Rapp I, Steinmann J, Rabenau F | display-authors = 6 | title = Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren zur Anwendung im human-medizinischen Bereich: Stellungnahme des Arbeitskreises Viruzidie beim Robert Koch-Institut | language = de | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 353–363 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28220216 | pmc = 7079851 | doi = 10.1007/s00103-016-2509-2 | trans-title = Testing and declaration of the effectiveness of disinfectants against viruses for use in the human medical field: Opinion of the Virucidal Working Group at the Robert Koch Institute }}

Note that the meaning of virus inactivation or viral clearance is specific for the medical process industry, i.e., to remove HIV from blood.

Different substances have interactions between microbicides and viruses such as:{{Citation| vauthors = Maillard JY, Sattar SA, Pinto F |title=Virucidal Activity of Microbicides|date=2013 |work=Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's|pages=178–207|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1002/9781118425831.ch9 |isbn=978-1-118-42583-1 }}

• Alteration of the viral envelope
• Structural alteration
• Alteration of viral markers or
• Alteration of the viral genome

The exact mechanisms, for example of iodine (PVP-I), are still not clear, but it is targeting the bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or disruptive effects on the virus membrane.{{cite web|title=Iodine: An Elemental Force Against Infection|url=https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/iodine-an-elemental-force-against-infection|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.reviewofophthalmology.com|vauthors=Abelson MB}}

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administers a regulatory framework for disinfectants and sterilants.{{cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Regulatory Framework {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/regulatory-framework.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}} To earn virucidal registration, extensive data on harder-to-kill viruses demonstrating long-lasting virucidal efficacy need to be provided.{{cite web|title=EPA Authorizes Virucidal Registration for Copper Alloys|url=https://www.pfonline.com/news/epa-authorizes-virucidal-registration-for-copper-alloys|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.pfonline.com|date=2 March 2021 |language=en}}{{cite web|date=2015-08-05|title=Efficacy Requirements for Antimicrobial Pesticides|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/efficacy-requirements-antimicrobial-pesticides|access-date=2021-04-10|website=US EPA|language=en}}{{cite web|date=2016-04-06|title=Emerging Viral Pathogen Guidance for Antimicrobial Pesticides|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/emerging-viral-pathogen-guidance-antimicrobial-pesticides|access-date=2021-04-10|website=US EPA|language=en}}

• Europe: Biocide products regulation EN 528/2012{{cite web|title=EUR-Lex - 32012R0528 - EN - EUR-Lex|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/528/oj|access-date=2021-08-12|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|language=en}}

{{Incomplete list|date=February 2021}}

• EN 14476:2019 (suspensions test){{cite web| id = BS EN 14476:2013+A2:2019 | title = Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity in the medical area. Test method and requirements (Phase 2/Step 1)|url=https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030401479|access-date=2021-04-14| publisher = British Standards Institution (BSI) }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Eggers M | title = Infectious Disease Management and Control with Povidone Iodine | journal = Infectious Diseases and Therapy | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–593 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31414403 | pmc = 6856232 | doi = 10.1007/s40121-019-00260-x }}
• EN 16777:2018 (surfaces test){{cite web| id = BS EN 16777:2018 | title = Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative non-porous surface test without mechanical action for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in the medical area. Test method and requirements (phase 2/step|url=https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030348956|access-date=2021-04-14| work = British Standards Institution (BSI) }}
• EN 1500 (hand rub test){{cite journal | vauthors = Eggerstedt S, Fliß P, Mönch E, Ostermeyer C | title = Alcohol-based hand rubs must meet the requirements of EN 1500 | journal = Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology | volume = 39 | issue = 8 | pages = 1018 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29925454 | doi = 10.1017/ice.2018.129 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Goroncy-Bermes P | title = Hand disinfection according to the European Standard EN 1500 (hygienic handrub): a study with gram-negative and gram-positive test organisms | journal = International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health | volume = 204 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 123–126 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11759154 | doi = 10.1078/1438-4639-00093 | bibcode = 2001IJHEH.204..123G }}
• ISO 18184:2019 (textile products){{cite web|title=ISO 18184:2019|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/12/71292.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=ISO|date=6 August 2020 |language=en}}
• ISO 21702:2019 (plastics and non-porous surfaces) {{cite web|title=ISO 21702:2019|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/13/71365.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=ISO|date=6 August 2020 |language=en}}

A specific protocol for hand-hygiene testing has been researched and established by microbiologist Prof. Graham Ayliffe.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ayliffe GA, Babb JR, Quoraishi AH | title = A test for 'hygienic' hand disinfection | journal = Journal of Clinical Pathology | volume = 31 | issue = 10 | pages = 923–928 | date = October 1978 | pmid = 101554 | pmc = 1145452 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.31.10.923 }}

Virucides are not intended for use inside the body,{{cite journal | vauthors = Dotson GS, Lotter JT, Zisook RE, Gaffney SH, Maier A, Colvin J | title = Setting occupational exposure limits for antimicrobial agents: A case study based on a quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant | journal = Toxicology and Industrial Health | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 619–633 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 33241765 | pmc = 7691478 | doi = 10.1177/0748233720970438 | bibcode = 2020ToxIH..36..619D }}{{cite web | vauthors = Egan L | date = 24 April 2020 |title=Lysol maker warns against internal use of disinfectants after Trump comments|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/lysol-manufacturer-warns-against-internal-use-after-trump-comments-n1191586|access-date=2021-04-10|website=NBC News|language=en}} and most are disinfectants that are not intended for use on the surface of the body.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kore AM, Kiesche-Nesselrodt A | title = Toxicology of household cleaning products and disinfectants | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 525–537 | date = March 1990 | pmid = 2180194 | doi = 10.1016/s0195-5616(90)50043-1 }} Most substances are toxic. None of the listed substances replaces vaccination{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenwood B | title = The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 369 | issue = 1645 | pages = 20130433 | date = 2014-06-19 | pmid = 24821919 | pmc = 4024226 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2013.0433 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Stein RA |date=2011-11-01|title=Vaccination: A Public Health Intervention That Changed History & Is Changing with History |journal=The American Biology Teacher|volume=73|issue=9|pages=513–519|doi=10.1525/abt.2011.73.9.3|s2cid=86293715|issn=0002-7685}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Modlin JF, Schaffner W, Orenstein W, Bandyopadhyay AS | title = Triumphs of Immunization | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 224 | issue = Supplement_4 | pages = S307–S308 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34590131 | pmc = 8482015 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiab123 }} or antiviral drugs, if available.{{cite journal | vauthors = Graubner UB | title = [Antiviral prophylaxis] | journal = Klinische Padiatrie | volume = 213 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = A69–A76 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11577365 | doi = 10.1055/s-2001-17508 | s2cid = 260204836 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Speck RF, Brander C, Kündig TM | title = [HIV-1 vaccination--is there hope?] | language = de | journal = Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique | volume = 62 | issue = 10 | pages = 695–702 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16277037 | doi = 10.1024/0040-5930.62.10.695 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Nachbagauer R, Palese P | title = Is a Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine Possible? | journal = Annual Review of Medicine | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 315–327 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31600454 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-med-120617-041310 | s2cid = 204243668 | doi-access = free }} Virucides are usually labeled with instructions for safe, effective use.{{cite web|title=GHS Classification |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ghs/ |access-date=2021-04-10|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}{{cite web|date=2015-08-26|title=Label Guidance for Specific Types of Pesticides|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-labels/label-guidance-specific-types-pesticides|access-date=2021-04-10|website=US EPA|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Read the label {{!}} Cleaning products |url=https://cleanright.eu/en/read-the-label.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=cleanright.eu|language=en-gb}} The correct use and scope of disinfectants is very important.{{cite web|title=Help & Support|url=https://www.lysol.com/customer-support|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.lysol.com}}{{cite web|title=Hands off the disinfectants, kids!|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/stories-hub/kids-and-disinfectants|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Sterillium® - Hygiene myths and what you should know|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/stories-hub/hygiene-myths-and-misinformation|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}}

Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (Quaternary ammonium compounds) exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems."{{cite web | vauthors = Heger S |date = 18 May 2020 |title=Disinfectant Overkill: Potential Harm for Septic…|url=https://www.onsiteinstaller.com/online_exclusives/2020/05/disinfectant-overkill-potential-harm-for-septic-systems|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Onsite Installer|language=en}}

Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load,{{cite journal|vauthors=Kramer A, Eggers M, Hübner NO, Steinmann E, Walger P, Exner M|date=2020-12-07|title=Viruzides Gurgeln und viruzider Nasenspray|url=https://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/pdfdata/2020_12_02_Empfehlung-viruzides-gurgeln-nasenspray.pdf|journal=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene|language=en|pages=6}} however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".{{cite web|title=Vorbeugung gegen Corona: Warum Gurgeln nicht ausreicht|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/faktenfinder/mundspuelung-corona-101.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=tagesschau.de|language=de}}

According to Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft, medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the skin barrier. Skin care does not reduce the antiseptic effect of the alcoholic disinfectants.{{cite news|title=Handekzeme weit verbreitet: Hautärzte empfehlen Desinfektion statt Seife|language=de|work=FAZ.NET|url=https://www.faz.net/1.7283533|access-date=2021-04-15|issn=0174-4909|vauthors=Christner J}}{{cite web|title=Handekzeme nehmen zu: Handhygiene-Strategie in Pandemiezeiten ändern|url=https://derma.de/presse/uebersicht/detail/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=4453&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=ac81d72a12dab2363bdcfc5c7b5cb657#|access-date=2021-04-15|website=derma.de|language=de}}

The "explosive" use of antibacterial cleansers has led the CDC to monitor substances in adults.{{cite web| vauthors = Hoffman M |title=Antibacterial Soap: No Better Than Regular Soap?|url=https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/antibacterial-soap-do-you-need-it|access-date=2021-06-06|website=WebMD|language=en}}

On April 5, 2021, a Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials mentions that "Cleaning with household cleaners containing soap or detergent will physically remove germs from surfaces.  This process does not necessarily kill germs, but reduces the risk of infection by removing them. Disinfecting uses a chemical product, which is a process that kills the germs on the surfaces. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. Disinfection is only recommended in indoor settings — schools and homes — where there has been a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 within the last 24 hours. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread."{{cite web|date=2021-04-05|title=Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/04/05/press-briefing-by-white-house-covid-19-response-team-and-public-health-officials-24/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The White House|language=en-US}}{{cite web|date=9 April 2021 |title=The CDC Changed Its Guidance on Cleaning. Here's What That Means for Your Business|url=https://www.inc.com/brit-morse/cdc-guidance-cleaning-covid-business-hygiene.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Inc.com|language=en|vauthors=Morse B}}

The CDC issued a special report "Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention" due to the increased number of calls to poison centers regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, concluding that "Public messaging should continue to emphasize evidence-based, safe cleaning and disinfection practices to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households, including hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces."{{cite journal | vauthors = Gharpure R, Hunter CM, Schnall AH, Barrett CE, Kirby AE, Kunz J, Berling K, Mercante JW, Murphy JL, Garcia-Williams AG | display-authors = 6 | title = Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention - United States, May 2020 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 69 | issue = 23 | pages = 705–709 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32525852 | pmc = 7315790 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e2 | doi-access = free }}{{cite news|date=2021-04-20|title=Did 4% of Americans Really Drink Bleach Last Year?|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2021/04/did-4-of-americans-really-drink-bleach-last-year|access-date=2021-04-22|issn=0017-8012}}

CDC provides a Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities.{{cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/index.html|access-date=2021-08-12|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}

Each mentioned item in the list has different microbicidal activity, i.e. some viruses can be more or less resistant. For example, Poliovirus is resistant to a solution of 3% H₂O₂ even after a contact time of 10 minutes,{{cite journal | vauthors = Best M, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA | title = Feasibility of a combined carrier test for disinfectants: studies with a mixture of five types of microorganisms | journal = American Journal of Infection Control | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 152–162 | date = June 1994 | pmid = 7943926 | doi = 10.1016/0196-6553(94)90004-3 }} however 7.5% H₂O₂ takes 30 minutes to inactivate over 99.9% of Poliovirus. Generally, hydrogen peroxide is considered as a potent virucide in appropriate concentrations, specifically in other forms such as gaseous.

Another example is povidone-iodine (PVP-I), which is found to be effective against herpes simplex virus{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters LJ, Barton SE, Boag FC | title = Betadine for herpes simplex infection | journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | pages = 854–855 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17212866 | doi = 10.1258/095646206779307487 | s2cid = 27939205 }} or SARS-CoV-2,{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson DE, Sivalingam V, Kang AE, Ananthanarayanan A, Arumugam H, Jenkins TM, Hadjiat Y, Eggers M | display-authors = 6 | title = Povidone-Iodine Demonstrates Rapid In Vitro Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV-2, The Virus Causing COVID-19 Disease | journal = Infectious Diseases and Therapy | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 669–675 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32643111 | pmc = 7341475 | doi = 10.1007/s40121-020-00316-3 }} and other viruses,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawana R, Kitamura T, Nakagomi O, Matsumoto I, Arita M, Yoshihara N, Yanagi K, Yamada A, Morita O, Yoshida Y, Furuya Y, Chiba S | display-authors = 6 | title = Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics | journal = Dermatology | volume = 195 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 29–35 | date = 1997 | pmid = 9403252 | doi = 10.1159/000246027 }} but coxsackievirus and polio was rather resistant or less sensitive to inactivation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Reimer K, Wichelhaus TA, Schäfer V, Rudolph P, Kramer A, Wutzler P, Ganzer D, Fleischer W | display-authors = 6 | title = Antimicrobial effectiveness of povidone-iodine and consequences for new application areas | journal = Dermatology | volume = 204 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 114–120 | date = 2002 | pmid = 12011534 | doi = 10.1159/000057738 | s2cid = 8403205 }}

In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, then-US President Donald Trump delivered a very dangerous message to the public on the use of disinfectants, which was immediately rejected and refuted by health professionals.{{cite web | vauthors = Clark D |title=Trump suggests 'injection' of disinfectant to beat coronavirus and 'clean' the lungs|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-suggests-injection-disinfectant-beat-coronavirus-clean-lungs-n1191216|access-date=2021-04-10|website=NBC News|date=24 April 2020 |language=en}} In essence, and as mentioned above, virucides are usually toxic depending on concentrations, mixture, etc., and can be deadly not just to viruses, but also if inside a human or animal body{{cite journal | vauthors = Coppock RW, Mostrom MS, Lillie LE | title = The toxicology of detergents, bleaches, antiseptics and disinfectants in small animals | journal = Veterinary and Human Toxicology | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 463–473 | date = October 1988 | pmid = 3055653 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3055653/ }} or on surface of body.{{cite journal | vauthors = Slaughter RJ, Watts M, Vale JA, Grieve JR, Schep LJ | title = The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = 303–311 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30689457 | doi = 10.1080/15563650.2018.1543889 | s2cid = 59339240 }}

With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2, e.g., on surfaces,{{cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Khokhar M, Roy D, Purohit P, Goyal M, Setia P | title = Viricidal treatments for prevention of coronavirus infection | journal = Pathogens and Global Health | volume = 114 | issue = 7 | pages = 349–359 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32877308 | pmc = 7586723 | doi = 10.1080/20477724.2020.1807177 }} as mouth-washes,{{cite journal | vauthors = Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Conzelmann C, Müller JA, Groß R, Münch J, Krawczyk A, Steinmann J, Steinmann J, Pfaender S, Steinmann E | display-authors = 6 | title = Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 222 | issue = 8 | pages = 1289–1292 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32726430 | pmc = 7454736 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa471 | doi-access = free }} hand-washing,{{cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}} etc.

A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E | title = Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 104 | issue = 3 | pages = 246–251 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32035997 | pmc = 7132493 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022 | doi-access = free }}

A 2020 systematic review on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) mouth-washes concludes, that they don't have an effect on virucidal activity, recommending that "dental care protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic should be revised."{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortega KL, Rech BO, El Haje GL, Gallo CB, Pérez-Sayáns M, Braz-Silva PH | title = Do hydrogen peroxide mouthwashes have a virucidal effect? A systematic review | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 106 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–662 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33058941 | pmc = 7548555 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.10.003 | doi-access = free }} Additional research with relation to the Coronavirus virucidal efficacy is on-going.{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Chuan |last2=Wang |first2=Annie |last3=Hoskin |first3=Eileen R. |last4=Cugini |first4=Carla |last5=Markowitz |first5=Kenneth |last6=Chang |first6=Theresa L. |last7=Fine |first7=Daniel H. |date=2021-03-01 |title=Differential Effects of Antiseptic Mouth Rinses on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro |journal=Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=272 |doi=10.3390/pathogens10030272 |issn=2076-0817 |pmc=8001756 |pmid=33804294|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hollins D, Kiorpes AL | title = Evaluating the industrial hygiene, toxicology, and public health aspects of COVID-19 | journal = Toxicology and Industrial Health | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 605–606 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 33107408 | pmc = 7593727 | doi = 10.1177/0748233720964629 | bibcode = 2020ToxIH..36..605H }}

Various information and overview of light-based strategies (UV-C and other types of light sources; see also Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, Santos AL, Sellera FP, Tegos GP, Wainwright M | display-authors = 6 | title = Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis | journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology | volume = 212 | pages = 111999 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32855026 | pmc = 7435279 | doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999 | bibcode = 2020JPPB..21211999S }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Storm N, McKay LG, Downs SN, Johnson RI, Birru D, de Samber M, Willaert W, Cennini G, Griffiths A | display-authors = 6 | title = Rapid and complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by ultraviolet-C irradiation | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 22421 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33380727 | pmc = 7773738 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-79600-8 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1022421S }}{{cite web|title=Committee Reports | work = Illuminating Engineering Society| date = 8 April 2020|url=https://www.ies.org/standards/committee-reports/|access-date=2021-07-08|language=en-US}}{{cite web|title=Filtration / Disinfection|url=https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/filtration-disinfection#uvc|access-date=2021-07-08| work = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) |language=en}}

As systematic review of 16 studies by Cochrane on Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays concludes that "there is currently no evidence relating to the benefits and risks of patients with COVID‐19 using antimicrobial mouthwashes or nasal sprays."{{cite journal | vauthors = Burton MJ, Clarkson JE, Goulao B, Glenny AM, McBain AJ, Schilder AG, Webster KE, Worthington HV | display-authors = 6 | title = Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection to improve patient outcomes and to protect healthcare workers treating them | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 9 | pages = CD013627 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32936948 | pmc = 8187985 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd013627.pub2 }}

Treatment of SARS-CoV for 2 min with Isodine (PVP-I) is found to strongly reduce the virus infectivity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kariwa H, Fujii N, Takashima I | title = Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents | journal = Dermatology | volume = 212 | issue = Suppl. 1 | pages = 119–123 | date = 2006 | pmid = 16490989 | pmc = 7179540 | doi = 10.1159/000089211 }}

The International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) is one of the major umbrella organizations for education, research and development in the area of therapy of infections. Its members are national organizations, currently 86 and over 50,000 individual members.{{cite web|title=International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC)|url=https://www.isac.world/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=www.isac.world|language=en}}

Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy.{{cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Efficacy {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/efficacy.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}} A specific test-protocol is applied.{{cite web |date=2020-11-20|title=What Is BS EN 14476 Chemical Disinfectant Standards - Hand Sanitisers|url=https://www.rentexhygiene.co.uk/what-is-bs-en-14476/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Rentex Hygiene - Washroom and Hygiene Products|language=en-GB}} The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists.{{cite web|title=Biological Safety: Disinfection {{!}} Office of Environmental Health and Safety|url=https://ehs.princeton.edu/laboratory-research/biological-safety/disinfection|access-date=2021-04-17|website=ehs.princeton.edu}}{{Citation|title=List of cleaning products|date=2021-03-27|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cleaning_products&oldid=1014558401|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-04-17}} Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.

EPA is providing a public listing called "List N"{{cite web|title=Disinfectants Pesticides|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/giwiz/disinfectants/index.cfm|access-date=9 April 2021|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}{{cite web|date=2020-03-13|title=List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19)|url=https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/list-n-disinfectants-coronavirus-covid-19|access-date=9 April 2021|website=US EPA|language=en}}

{{Incomplete list|date=April 2021}}

• 1-Docosanol{{cite journal | vauthors = Katz DH, Marcelletti JF, Khalil MH, Pope LE, Katz LR | title = Antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 88 | issue = 23 | pages = 10825–10829 | date = December 1991 | pmid = 1660151 | pmc = 53024 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10825 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1991PNAS...8810825K }}
• Alcohols:
• Ethanol{{cite journal | vauthors = Sauerbrei A | title = Bactericidal and virucidal activity of ethanol and povidone-iodine | journal = MicrobiologyOpen | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = e1097 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32567807 | pmc = 7520996 | doi = 10.1002/mbo3.1097 }}{{cite web|title=Information on biocides | work = European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | publisher = European Union |url=https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/biocidal-products|access-date=2021-05-26 | language=en-GB}}
• Isopropyl alcohol
• n-propanol{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyce JM, Pittet D | title = Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 51 | issue = RR-16 | pages = 1–45, quiz CE1-4 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12418624 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf | publisher = Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America | collaboration = Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. }}{{cite web|title=IMPRESAN Hygiene Spray 250 ml|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/impresan-hygiene-spray-250-ml.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}
• Benzalkonium chlorides, e.g.,
• Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-16)
• Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C14 60%, C16 30%, C12 5%, C18 5%)
• Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-14)
• Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-18)
• Bleach (Sodium hypochlorite){{cite web|title=Factsheets & Advice - Diseases {{!}} Home Hygiene & Health|url=https://ifh-homehygiene.org/factsheets-advice-diseases|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=ifh-homehygiene.org}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Westerholm HS, Bradley DV, Schwartz RS | title = Efficacy of various spray disinfectants on irreversible hydrocolloid impressions | journal = The International Journal of Prosthodontics | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–54 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1520443 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1520443/ }}
• Sodium hypochlorite washes{{cite journal | vauthors = Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P | title = Virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine-containing disinfectants | journal = Letters in Applied Microbiology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–163 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20536707 | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02871.x | s2cid = 38036694 | doi-access = }}
• Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
• Hand washing{{cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Hand Hygiene Guidance {{!}} Hand Hygiene {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/providers/guideline.html|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Siddharta A, Pfaender S, Vielle NJ, Dijkman R, Friesland M, Becker B, Yang J, Engelmann M, Todt D, Windisch MP, Brill FH, Steinmann J, Steinmann J, Becker S, Alves MP, Pietschmann T, Eickmann M, Thiel V, Steinmann E | display-authors = 6 | title = Virucidal Activity of World Health Organization-Recommended Formulations Against Enveloped Viruses, Including Zika, Ebola, and Emerging Coronaviruses | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 215 | issue = 6 | pages = 902–906 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28453839 | pmc = 5407053 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jix046 | doi-access = free }}{{cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Publications, Data, & Statistics {{!}} Handwashing {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/publications-data-stats.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}{{cite web|title=Infografiken|url=https://www.infektionsschutz.de/mediathek/infografiken.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.infektionsschutz.de|language=de}}{{cite journal | author = Office of the Commissioner |date=2020-09-09|title=Antibacterial Soap? You Can Skip It, Use Plain Soap and Water|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/antibacterial-soap-you-can-skip-it-use-plain-soap-and-water|journal=FDA|language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathur P | title = Hand hygiene: back to the basics of infection control | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 134 | issue = 5 | pages = 611–620 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22199099 | pmc = 3249958 | doi = 10.4103/0971-5916.90985 | doi-access = free }}{{cite web|title=Why Hand-Washing Beats Hand Sanitizers|url=https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/news/20191107/why-hand-washing-beats-hand-sanitizers|access-date=2021-06-06|website=WebMD|language=en}} (see also Surfactants)
• Hand washing is a mechanical process of removing germs and viruses, and chemicals.
• Hand washing with, e.g., ethanol added to a hand disinfectant shows virucidal effects,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kampf G | title = Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 98 | issue = 4 | pages = 331–338 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 28882643 | pmc = 7132458 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.025 }} but caution is given (small children) and it is not recommended over "proper hand washing".
• Hand gels are often found to not comply with EN 1500 standards to meet antimicrobial efficacy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D | title = Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels | journal = Lancet | volume = 359 | issue = 9316 | pages = 1489–1490 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11988252 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08426-x | s2cid = 30450670 }}
• Prof. Graham Ayliffe's hand-cleaning and disinfection technique is promoted nowadays by the WHO and is similar to German standard DIN EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection).{{cite journal | vauthors = Geddes A | title = Graham Ayliffe | journal = BMJ | volume = 358 | pages = j3333 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28694289 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.j3333 | s2cid = 29226430 }}{{cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/854907565|title=WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care : first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care.|date=2009| publisher = World Health Organization. Patient Safety|isbn=978-92-4-159790-6 |location= Geneva |oclc=854907565}}{{cite web |title=WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241597906 |access-date=2021-08-15 |language=en}}
• Hydrogen peroxide{{cite journal | vauthors = Urban MV, Rath T, Radtke C | title = Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): a review of its use in surgery | journal = Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift | volume = 169 | issue = 9–10 | pages = 222–225 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 29147868 | doi = 10.1007/s10354-017-0610-2 | s2cid = 35739209 }}
• Oral rinse (see Cochrane systematic review in case of SARS-CoV-2)
• Chlorhexidine{{cite web|title=Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse Uses, Side Effects & Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Drugs.com|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Chlorhexidine - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/chlorhexidine.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Drugs.com|language=en}} (CHX) - mainly against enveloped viruses.
• Dequalinium{{cite web|title=Dequalinium chloride|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10649|access-date=2021-06-03|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}
• Povidone-iodine (Isodine, PVP-I),{{cite journal | vauthors = Frank S, Capriotti J, Brown SM, Tessema B | title = Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era | journal = Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal | volume = 99 | issue = 9 | pages = 586–593 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32520599 | doi = 10.1177/0145561320932318 | doi-access = free }}
• High potency for virucidal activity has been observed against viruses of significant global concern, including hepatitis A and influenza, as well as the Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome and Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses.
• Application types and names: Isodine, Scrub, Isodine Nodo Fresh
• Surfactants
• Soap{{cite web |title=cleanright.eu - General guidance in case someone is ill in your household|url=https://cleanright.eu/en/13-site-content/1578-general-guidance-in-case-someone-is-ill-in-your-household.html|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=cleanright.eu|language=en-gb}}
• Triton X-100

{{Incomplete list|date=July 2021}}

• Betadine products and medical variants by Avrio Health (part of Purdue Pharma){{cite web|title=Betadine for Medical Professionals {{!}} Betadine|url=https://betadine.com/medical-professionals/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Betadine (Povidone-iodine) {{!}} Betadine|language=en-US}}
• Ingredients: Povidon-iodine etc.
• As of June 2021, not recommended by manufacturer to "kill" coronaviruses.{{cite web|title=COVID-19|url=https://betadine.com/covid-19/#1596710159395-1cf8cac7-1b26|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Betadine (Povidone-iodine) {{!}} Betadine|language=en-US}}
• Bleach products:
• Clorox
• Cyosan
• Zonrox Bleach{{cite web|title=Zonrox Bleach|url=https://greencross.com.ph/zonrox-bleach/|access-date=9 April 2021|work=Green Cross Inc.|language=en-US}}
• Henkel products:
• biff Hygiene Total
• Ingredients: Benzalkonium chloride and formic acid
• Tested against SARS-CoV-2 according to producer statement on website.{{cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} biff Hygiene Total: mit antibakterieller Formel|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/produkte/marken/biff/hygiene-total.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}{{cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} Hygienische Sauberkeit: Für ein sauberes Zuhause|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/hygienische-sauberkeit.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}
• Bref Power Bakterien & Schimmel{{cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} Bref Power Bakterien und Schimmel: gegen Viren und Bakterien|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/produkte/marken/bref-power/bakterien-und-schimmel.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}
• Purex
• Heitmann Hygiene & Care products:
• Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5{{cite web|title=IMPRESAN Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5 L|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/impresan-universal-hygiene-laundry-rinse-1-5-l.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}
• Ingredients: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
• Hygiene Spray
• Ingredients: Ethanol, 2-propanol
• According to manufacturer is effective against SARS-CoV-2{{cite web|title=Hygiene und Desinfektion {{!}} Online kaufen|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/id/103/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}
• Listerine
• Ingredients: Alcohol, sodium fluoride, essential oils{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702054402000024|chapter=How Essential Oils Work|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-5440-2.00002-4|isbn=978-0-7020-5440-2|language=en|title=Clinical Aromatherapy| vauthors = Buckle J |pages=15–36}} (specifically in case of management of inflammatory periodontal diseases){{cite book |last=Walmsley |first=A. D. |title=Restorative Dentistry |date=2007-01-01 |isbn=9780443102462 |edition=2nd |pages=31–46 |language=en |chapter=Management of inflammatory periodontal diseases |doi=10.1016/B978-0-443-10246-2.50008-3}}
• Unknown or limited virucidal activity{{cite journal | vauthors = Croughan WS, Behbehani AM | title = Comparative study of inactivation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by commonly used antiseptic agents | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–215 | date = February 1988 | pmid = 2830306 | pmc = 266254 | doi = 10.1128/jcm.26.2.213-215.1988 }}
• Lysol
• Ingredient: Benzalkonium chloride
• Some of the products having been tested against SARS-CoV-2.
• Sterillium
• Ingredients: 1-Propanol, 2-propanol and mecetronium ethylsulfate
• By former Bode Chemie, now Hartmann AG, one of Germany's major health-care brands available in 50 countries,{{cite web|title=About Sterillium®|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/ueber-sterillium|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}} and according to website "the world's most scientifically researched hand disinfectant with approximately 60 scientific publications in trade journals in 2015."{{cite web|title=55 Years of Hygiene History with Sterillium®|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/stories-hub/writing-hygiene-history|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Infection Protection at the Core of Science | work = Bode Science Center | publisher = Hartmann Group |url=https://www.bode-science-center.com/science.html|access-date=2021-06-02 }}

{{Incomplete list|date=April 2021}}

• Antimicrobial peptides
• Auriclosene (NVC-422){{cite web|title=Auriclosene|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11708365|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}} - see also Keratoconjunctivitis
• Bacteriocin
• Chlorine dioxide{{cite web|title=Disinfectants Pesticides|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/giwiz/disinfectants/index.cfm|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogata N, Shibata T | title = Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 89 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 60–67 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18089729 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.83393-0 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal|title=Toxicological profile for chlorine dioxide and chlorite|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=582&tid=108|language=en|doi=10.15620/cdc:37580 | journal = Toxic Substances Portal, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |year = 2004| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |hdl = 2027/mdp.39015069123621|doi-access=free}}
• Copper alloys
• CLR01 (Molecular tweezers) found to inhibit Ebola, Zika{{cite journal | vauthors = Röcker AE, Müller JA, Dietzel E, Harms M, Krüger F, Heid C, Sowislok A, Riber CF, Kupke A, Lippold S, von Einem J, Beer J, Knöll B, Becker S, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Otto M, Vapalahti O, Zelikin AN, Bitan G, Schrader T, Münch J | display-authors = 6 | title = The molecular tweezer CLR01 inhibits Ebola and Zika virus infection | journal = Antiviral Research | volume = 152 | pages = 26–35 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29428508 | pmc = 7113745 | doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.003 }} or possibly SARS-CoV-2{{cite web | vauthors = Dupont B |title=In die Zange genommen|url=http://www.laborjournal.de/editorials/1976.php|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Laborjournal|language=en}}
• Cyanovirin-N
• General so called "Drug repurposing" for example in case of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19{{cite journal | vauthors = Harrison C | title = Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 379–381 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32205870 | doi = 10.1038/d41587-020-00003-1 | s2cid = 213394680 }}
• Griffithsin
• Interferon
• Nanomedicines{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehendale R, Joshi M, Patravale VB | title = Nanomedicines for treatment of viral diseases | journal = Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–49 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23510109 | doi = 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2013005469 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Gurunathan S, Qasim M, Choi Y, Do JT, Park C, Hong K, Kim JH, Song H | display-authors = 6 | title = Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles-Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses? | journal = Nanomaterials | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | page = 1645 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32825737 | pmc = 7557932 | doi = 10.3390/nano10091645 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Abd Ellah NH, Tawfeek HM, John J, Hetta HF | title = Nanomedicine as a future therapeutic approach for Hepatitis C virus | journal = Nanomedicine | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 1471–1491 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31166139 | doi = 10.2217/nnm-2018-0348 | s2cid = 174811201 }}
• "Novel Anti-Infectives" research by Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research{{cite web|title=Anti-Infectives|url=https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research|language=en}}
• Peracetic acid{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker B, Brill FH, Todt D, Steinmann E, Lenz J, Paulmann D, Bischoff B, Steinmann J | display-authors = 6 | title = Virucidal efficacy of peracetic acid for instrument disinfection | journal = Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 114 | date = 2017-11-10 | pmid = 29177047 | pmc = 5693215 | doi = 10.1186/s13756-017-0271-3 | doi-access = free }}
• Scytovirin
• Urumin

• Vanproz V-Bind{{cite web|title=Vanproz Agrovet LLP|url=http://vanproz.com/plantprotection.html|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=vanproz.com}}
• Virkon{{cite web|title=Virkon|url=https://virkon.us/|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=VIRKON|language=en-US}}
• Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TuYV) resistant products, such as Bayer AG's DK Excited{{cite web | title=DK Excited|url=https://cropscience.bayer.co.uk/our-products/dekalb/dk-excited/#cookie-preferences|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Bayer Crop Science UK|language=en}}

• Bacteriostatic agent
• Disinfectant
• Enveloped virus
• List of cleaning products#Disinfectants
• Log reduction

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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kabler PW, Clarke NA, Berg G, Chang SL | title = Viricidal efficiency of disinfectants in water | journal = Public Health Reports | volume = 76 | issue = 7 | pages = 565–570 | date = July 1961 | pmid = 13791183 | pmc = 1929643 | doi = 10.2307/4591211 | jstor = 4591211 }}
• {{cite web | url = https://cleanright.eu/en/ | work = cleanright.eu | title = The official European consumer portal of the detergents and maintenance products industry. }}

{{refend}}{{Antiseptics and disinfectants}}

Category:Biocides

Category:Virucides