Volterra

File:Rosso Fiorentino 002.jpg

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File:Ruin of the Roman theatre, Volterra, Italy.jpg

Volterra, known to the ancient Etruscans as Velathri or Vlathri{{cite book|author=D. H. Lawrence|title=Etruscan Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtR8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT97|date=16 April 2013|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4474-8782-1|pages=97–}} and to the Romans as Volaterrae,{{cite book|author1=D. H. Lawrence|author2=Simonetta de Filippis|title=Sketches of Etruscan Places and Other Italian Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8xZVl5RjQ4C&pg=PA315|date=11 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00701-6|pages=315–}} is a town and comune in the Tuscany region of Italy. The site is believed to have been continuously inhabited as a city since at least the end of the 8th century BC.{{cite book|author1=David Bershad|author2=Carolina Mangone|author3=Irving Hexham|title=The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llTiET5oCR4C&pg=PA220|year=2001|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-310-22573-7|pages=220–|quote=The famed local industry, working alabaster, has also proved an enduring industry in Volterra. Begun in the 8th century B.C., alabaster carving continues today as the traditional Volterran trade. The prehistoric Villanovan settlement (9th century ...}}{{cite book|author=DK|title=Eyewitness Travel Family Guide Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqZQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|date=1 May 2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-1-4093-5398-0|pages=202–|quote=Truly ancient clifftop city Volterra is perhaps the most dramatic and unusual city in the region. Founded by the Etruscans in the 8th century BC, it is perched on a high plateau of volcanic rock and surrounded by medieval walls, some ...}}{{cite book|author=Insight Guides|title=Insight Guides: Tuscany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHXXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT524|date=2 November 2015|publisher=APA|isbn=978-1-78005-543-5|pages=524–|quote=These include Etruscan (8th–2nd century BC) sites at Volterra, Fiesole, Arezzo, Chiusi, Vetulonia and on the island of Elba. There is an archaeological museum in Florence, and other museums in Volterra, Chiusi, Cortona, Asciano, Grosseto ...}}

The town was a Bronze Age settlement of the Proto-Villanovan culture.{{cite book|author-link1=Jean MacIntosh Turfa|author=Jean MacIntosh Turfa|title=The Etruscan World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ofa_0Y5Iu8C&pg=PA134|date=13 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-05523-4|pages=134–}}{{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Sybille|title=Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History|publisher=Getty Trust Publications|date=2005|location=Los Angeles|pages=30|language=en|isbn=978-0-89236-600-2}} It became an important Etruscan centre as one of the "twelve cities" of the Etruscan League.{{cite book|author=Alan Norman Bold|title=Cambridge Book of English Verse, 1939-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sko7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220|year=1976|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09840-3|pages=220–}}{{cite book|last=Damgaard Andersen|first=Helle |title=Urbanization in the Mediterranean in the 9th to 6th Centuries BC|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|date=1997|location=Copenhagen|pages=344|language=en|isbn=9788772894126}}

It was allied to Rome at the end of the 3rd century BC and became a municipium.{{cite thesis|title=Rural Change and Continuity in Etruria: A Study of Village Communities from the 7th Century B.C. to the 1st Century A.D.|doi=10.17615/sc1p-nv51|year=2008|pages=340–|quote=Volterra: A Roman City with an Etruscan Hinterland Rome first reached a settlement with Volterra at the end of the 3rd century B.C. when the city was declared an allied municipium. Volterra only entered fully into the control of Rome with ...|last1=Vander Poppen|first1=Robert E.}}{{cite book|author=Anton Filippo Giachi|title=Saggio di ricerche sopra lo stato antico e moderno di Volterra dalla sua prima origine fino ai nostri tempi per facilitare ai giovani lo studio della storia patria opera del sacerdote Anton-Filippo Giachi rettore del regio spedale di detta città ..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2ZgMvLIGIAC&pg=PA8|year=1786|publisher=nella stamperia di Pietro Allegrini alla Croce Rossa|language=it|pages=8–|quote=Ma il colpo fatale dei Romani, e di Volterra fu nell' anno di Roma 474 ... tam bonestum municipium.}} The wealthy Caecina family lived here and Gaius Caecina Largus and the eminent Aulus Caecina Severus (consul 2–1 BC) built the theatre and probably other monuments.F. Sear 2006, p. 13. Other important families here were the Persii and the Laelii.A. Furiesi, pp. 73–76. Aulus Caecina was appointed propraetor of Moesia by 4 AD and later in charge of several legions on the lower Rhine after 14 AD where he led them ably, routing the army of Arminius who had destroyed three Roman legions. He was eulogised by the chroniclers for his exploits and on his return to Rome he was awarded triumph honours.

The city was a bishop's residence in the 5th century,{{cite book|author=Christopher Kleinhenz|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1038|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94880-1|pages=1038–|quote=The lordship of a distant (and often preoccupied) bishop provided many opportunities for civic selfdetermination. On his hill, the bishop of Volterra built a castello as a residence when he was in the area. This, with its church of Santo Stefano, ...}} and its episcopal power was affirmed during the 12th century.

With the decline of the episcopate and the discovery of local alum deposits, Volterra became a place of interest of the Republic of Florence, whose forces conquered Volterra.{{cite book|author=Peter Hinze|title=Florence — Fiesole, Prato, Pistoia, San Gimignano, Volterra, Siena: An Up-to-date Travel Guide; [with Fold-out Map]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72qmpyp1sXYC&pg=PA6|year=2000|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc|isbn=978-3-88618-773-7|pages=7–}} Florentine rule was not always popular, and opposition occasionally broke into rebellion.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/volterra/background/history/a/nar/d5fb974e-c2e8-4bf7-9700-7ad9df2e9612/360054|title = History in Volterra, Italy}} These rebellions were put down by Florence.

When the Republic of Florence fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family and later followed the history of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1472, during the war between Volterra and Florence in the so-called Allumiere war which finished with the sacking of Volterra by the Duke of Montefeltro and his army, it caused the emigration of many wealthy families and the appropiation of their goods.{{cite journal |url=https://www.therealpresence.org/eucharst/mir/english_pdf/Volterra.pdf |title=Eucharistic Miracle of Volterra |access-date=27 November 2023 |year=2006 |work=Istituto San Clemente I Papa e Martire |publisher=Real Presence Eucharistic Education and Adoration Association}}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Volterra (1965–1990)

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan high C = 7.3

|Feb high C = 7.8

|Mar high C = 10.3

|Apr high C = 13.3

|May high C = 17.9

|Jun high C = 21.8

|Jul high C = 25.5

|Aug high C = 25.2

|Sep high C = 21.5

|Oct high C = 17.0

|Nov high C = 11.3

|Dec high C = 7.9

|year high C = 15.6

|Jan low C = 3.2

|Feb low C = 3.1

|Mar low C = 4.7

|Apr low C = 7.1

|May low C = 11.3

|Jun low C = 14.8

|Jul low C = 18.0

|Aug low C = 18.0

|Sep low C = 15.1

|Oct low C = 11.6

|Nov low C = 6.9

|Dec low C = 4.1

|year low C = 9.8

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 64.7

|Feb precipitation mm = 68.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 72.0

|Apr precipitation mm = 70.5

|May precipitation mm = 61.9

|Jun precipitation mm = 56.6

|Jul precipitation mm = 46.2

|Aug precipitation mm = 59.8

|Sep precipitation mm = 79.3

|Oct precipitation mm = 88.2

|Nov precipitation mm = 95.8

|Dec precipitation mm = 68.7

|year precipitation mm = 832.3

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 8.2

| Feb precipitation days = 8.0

| Mar precipitation days = 8.3

| Apr precipitation days = 9.2

| May precipitation days = 7.3

| Jun precipitation days = 6.1

| Jul precipitation days = 3.7

| Aug precipitation days = 5.8

| Sep precipitation days = 7.0

| Oct precipitation days = 7.2

| Nov precipitation days = 8.5

| Dec precipitation days = 8.2

| year precipitation days = 87.5

| Jan humidity = 78

| Feb humidity = 77

| Mar humidity = 74

| Apr humidity = 75

| May humidity = 75

| Jun humidity = 73

| Jul humidity = 69

| Aug humidity = 72

| Sep humidity = 75

| Oct humidity = 80

| Nov humidity = 81

| Dec humidity = 80

| year humidity =

|source 1 = NOAA{{Cite web |title=Volterra Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=30 July 2024 |url= https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/IY/16164.TXT |format=TXT }}

}}

The main events that take place during the year in Volterra are

• Volterra gusto{{cite book|author=Lonely Planet|title=Italie 6 - Florence et la Toscane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWYMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT226|date=24 July 2014|publisher=Place Des Editeurs|language=fr|isbn=978-2-8161-4727-8|pages=226–|quote=Volterragusto GASTRONOMIE (www.volterragusto.com). Manifestations à la mi-mars, à la fin octobre et début novembre, présentant des produits locaux, notammentdufromage, destruffes blanches, de l'huile d'olive et du chocolat.}}
• Volterra arte
• Volterra teatro{{cite book|author1=Madelena Gonzalez|author2=Patrice Brasseur|title=Authenticity and Legitimacy in Minority Theatre: Constructing Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elAaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|date=16 April 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2184-1|pages=138–|quote=... depuis 1996, le théâtre San Pietro à Volterra, a obtenu, à partir de 1997, la direction artistique et technique du festival Volterrateatro, au sein duquel le projet « Iteatri dell'impossibile » a été proposé.5 Cette compagnie apporte régulièrement ...}}

• Roman Theatre of Volterra, 1st century BC, excavated in the 1950s{{cite book|author=Frank Sear|title=Roman Theatres: An Architectural Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOlPAAAAMAAJ|date=20 July 2006|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-814469-4|pages=170–|quote=J. B. Ward Perkins, BSR 29 (1961), 64, 68. VOLATERRAE (Volterra, PI) (Plan 79, Pis. 35-6) Location: within Roman walls, built against steep slope immediately north of medieval walls. Cavea: D 63 m, facing north-west; ima cavea: 10 rows (o.) ..}}{{cite book|author=Rick Steves|title=Rick Steves' Florence and Tuscany 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5xYAAAAYAAJ|date=28 August 2007|publisher=Avalon Travel|pages=354–|isbn=9781566918541|quote=Over time, the theater was forgotten — covered in the garbage of Volterra. Luckily, it was rediscovered in the 1950s. The stage wall was standard Roman design — with three levels from which actors would appear: one for humans, one for ...}}
• Roman Amphitheater discovered in 2015 and has been excavated over the succeeding yearsVolterra, the lost Roman Amphitheatre https://www.archaeoreporter.com/en/2020/11/18/volterra-roman-amphitheatre/Lost Treasures of Rome, International teams of archaeologists embark on a season of excavations to unravel the secrets of life in the Roman Empire, Episode 3 https://www.channel4.com/programmes/lost-treasures-of-rome/on-demand/73653-003Elena Sorge, Valeria d’Aquino, L’anfiteatro che non c’era. Storia di una scoperta, GIOCHI E SPETTACOLI NEL MONDO ANTICO

problematiche e nuove scoperte, Atti del Convegno Internazionale, 24 Marzo 2018, Reggio Emilia (RE) a cura di Paolo Storchi e Gianluca Mete

• Piazza dei Priori, the main square, a fine example of medieval Tuscan town squares{{cite book|author1=University of California, Berkeley. Associated Students|author2=Fodor's|title=Italy '96: on the loose, on the cheap, off the beaten path|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJCanIKO2N0C|date=1 December 1995|publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|isbn=978-0-679-02985-4}}{{cite book|title=Mauro Staccioli: Sites of Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LZKAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Damiani|isbn=978-88-6208-117-7|pages=167–|quote=Piazza dei Priori ... Volterra's main piazza was the center around which Staccioli's 1972 exhibition was organized. A symbol of central power, the piazza is ...}}{{cite book|author=Baedekers Autoführer-Verlag|title=Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yC8uAQAAIAAJ|year=1962|publisher=K. Baedeker|pages=489–|quote=...The centre of Volterra is the *Piazza dei Priori, which is lined with medieval palazzi. On the W side, the stately Palazzo dei Priori, ...}}
• Palazzo dei Priori: town hall on main piazza, begun in 1208 and finished in 1257{{cite book|author1=Mariagiulia Burresi|author2=Alessandro Furiesi|author3=Gabriella Belli|title=Il Palazzo dei Priori di Volterra: storia e restauro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKDwLAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Nuova Immagine|language=it|isbn=978-88-7145-263-0}}{{cite book|author=Inc. Fodor's Travel Publications|title=Fodor's Florence, Tuscany, and Umbria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoZdZLXhrMQC|year=2003|publisher=Fodor's|isbn=978-1-4000-1108-7|pages=195–|quote=As you make the dramatic climb up to Volterra through bleak, rugged terrain, you'll see that not all ... Piazza dei Priori, lined with an impressive collection of medieval buildings, including the imposing Palazzo dei Priori ...}}{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana: Venice to Wilmot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg3YAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Scholastic Library Pub.|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|pages=230–|quote=... In Piazza dei Priori, one of Italy's finest medieval squares, stand the 13th century Palazzo dei Priori or town hall, housing ...}}
• Pinacoteca e museo civico di Volterra: Art Museum housed in Palazzo Minucci-Solaini.{{cite book|author=Pinacoteca di Volterra|title=La Pinacoteca di Volterra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muXqAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze}}{{cite book|author1=Mariagiulia Burresi|author2=Antonino Caleca|title=Volterra d'oro e di pietra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykVIAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Pacini|language=it|isbn=978-88-7781-775-4|pages=58–|quote=Qui, nel rispetto della sua vocazione a documentare la consistenza dell'arte a Volterra, è stato creato il Museo di palazzo Minucci-Solaini, accostando al primitivo nucleo della Pinacoteca civica di Corrado Ricci, dipinti, sculture e arredi anch ...}} Founded in 1905,{{cite book|author1=Lorenzo Carletti|author2=Cristiano Giometti|title=Scultura lignea pisana: percorsi nel territorio tra Medioevo e Rinascimento|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-pKAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=F. Motta|isbn=978-88-7179-302-3|pages=117–|quote=Dal 1982 la Pinacoteca di Volterra è ospitata nelle sale del rinascimentale Palazzo Minucci-Solaini, ma la ... annessa al Duomo; quindi, su proposta di Corrado Ricci, nel 1905 la collezione fu spostata nel Palazzo dei Priori e arricchita. ... From 1982 onwards, the Pinacoteca in Volterra has been located in the rooms of the Renaissance Palazzo Minucci- Solaini, but the history of the ...}}{{cite book|title=Toscana: (esclusa Firenze)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daPLXG957RgC |year=1997|publisher=Touring Editore|language=it|isbn=978-88-365-0948-5|pages=464–|quote=A destra, nel breve sdrucciolo di Piazza, è la torre Martinoli, fianco del palazzo Incontri (pag. 459). VIA DANIELE RICCIARELLI (il pittore del '500 più noto come Daniele da Volterra). ... il vicino volto si sbuca nella piazzetta caratterizzata dalla casa-torre Minucci (secolo xm), inglobata nel palazzo Solaini (v. sotto). ... Nucleo fondamentale del complesso museale è la raccolta della Galleria pittorica comunale (Pinacoteca), fondata nel 1905 nel palazzo dei Priori e comprendente un 1 3 IL ...}} the gallery consists mostly of works by Tuscan artists from 14th to 17th centuries.{{cite book|author=Michelin Travel Publications|title=Tuscany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EScZAQAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Michelin Travel Publications|isbn=978-2-06-000010-7|pages=313–|quote=Volterra crags (baize) Pinacoteca 0 - Via dei Sarti 1; in the Palazzo Minucci-Solaini. The art gallery has some interesting works of religious art by Tuscan masters of the 14C-17C ...}} Includes a Deposition by Rosso Fiorentino.{{cite book|author=Anna Benvenuti Papi|title=Volterra e la Val di Cecina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jY7qAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Mondadori|language=it|isbn=978-88-04-46773-1|quote=Dal 1982 la Galleria Pittorica, o Pinacoteca, è ospitata nelle sale del palazzo Minucci-Solaini ... Tra le opere più significative segnaliamo, oltre la celebre e grandiosa tavola della Deposizione del Rosso Fiorentino, polittici ...}}{{cite book|author1=Harvard Student's|author2=Let's Go, Inc.|title=Let's Go: the Budget Guide to Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVY7AAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|pages=299–|isbn=9780312194888|quote=Volterra's Fortezza Medicea, an elegant remnant from the Florentine domination, is the town's most prominent structure. ... On the other side of P. dei Priori, on V. dei Sard, the Pinacoteca Comunale occupies the Palazzo Minucci-Solaini (tel. ... In his Deposition (1520), the most significant piece of the collection, Rosso Fiorentino appears to abandon High Renaissance ...}}
• Etruscan Acropolis and Roman Cistern. The acropolis on the citadel dates to the 8th century B.C., while the cistern is from the 1st century B.C.{{cite web | url=https://volterratur.it/en/poi/the-etruscan-acropolis/ | title=The etruscan Acropolis }}
• Volterra Cathedral. It was enlarged in the 13th century after an earthquake. It houses a ciborium and some angels by Mino da Fiesole, a notable wood Deposition (1228), a masterwork of Romanesque sculpture and the Sacrament Chapel, with paintings by Santi di Tito, Giovanni Balducci and Agostino Veracini. In the center of the vault are fragments of an Eternal Father by Niccolò Circignani. Also noteworthy is the Addolorata Chapel, with a terracotta group attributed to Andrea della Robbia and a fresco of Riding Magi by Benozzo Gozzoli. In the nearby chapel, dedicated to the Most Holy Name of Jesus, is a table with Christ's monogram, allegedly painted by Bernardino of Siena. The rectangular bell tower is from 1493.
• Volterra Baptistery or Baptistery of San Giovanni, built in the second half of the 13th century.
• Fortezza Medicea (Medicean Fortress),{{cite book|author1=Denbigh Sale|author2=Marie Kidd|author3=Julian Pitt|title=Our Secret Tuscany: In the Foothills of Monte Pisano|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOPNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=1 December 2014|publisher=Australian eBook Publisher|isbn=978-1-925271-65-2|pages=53–|quote=Although Volterra isn't strictly in the region of the Monte Pisano, we highly recommend a visit to this atmospheric hilltown which ... From its commanding hilltop position, the enormous Medici Fortress (Fortezza Medicea) looks out over Volterra.}} built in the 1470s,{{cite book|author1=Dana Facaros|author2=Michael Pauls|title=Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XixojYgnRtsC&pg=PA685|year=2004|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-86011-113-6|pages=685–|quote=... in the 'archaeological park' near the Fortezza Medicea, a big castle built on what was the Etruscan acropolis in the 1470s. ... Volterra 's most conspicuous ancient relic, however, is the Etruscan arch in the south wall, over Via Porta all'Arco.}} now a prison{{cite book|author1=Rachael Hamilton|author2=Allison Macleod|author3=Jenny Munro|title=Spaces of (Dis)location|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtYxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164|date=18 July 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6451-0|pages=164–|quote=Volterra's identity was not only characterized by its tradition of alabaster craft and by the psychiatric hospital, but also by the high security penitentiary located in the Fortezza Medicea. The Duke of Florence, Lorenzo il Magnifico, constructed the ...}} housing the noted restaurant, Fortezza Medicea restaurant.{{cite news|last=Orth|first=Stephan|title=Gefängnis Volterra: Zu Gast bei Ganoven|url=http://www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/0,1518,504012,00.html|access-date=30 January 2012|newspaper=Spiegel Online|date=10 September 2007}}{{cite news|last=Gumuchian|first=Marie-Louise|title=Guests give top marks to Italian gourmet jail|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oukoe-uk-italy-prison-dining-idUKL1772094820080521|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306101603/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oukoe-uk-italy-prison-dining-idUKL1772094820080521|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=30 January 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=20 May 2008}}{{cite news|last=Pisa|first=Nick|title='They made me a pasta I couldn't refuse'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1552129/They-made-me-a-pasta-I-couldnt-refuse.html|access-date=30 January 2012|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 May 2007}}
• Guarnacci Etruscan Museum,{{cite book|author=Gabriele Cateni|title=Volterra: The Guarnacci Etruscan Museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MOfAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Pacini|isbn=978-88-7781-622-1}}{{cite book|title=Brief guide to the Guarnacci Etruscan Museum of Volterra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyuxygAACAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Edizioni I.F.I.}} with thousands of funeral urns dating back to the Hellenistic and Archaic periods.{{cite book|author1=Anna Marguerite McCann|author2=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)|title=Roman Sarcophagi in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBstaVWigg0C&pg=PA58|year=1978|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|pages=58–|quote=Etruscan ... Cf. particularly the stern of a galley represented on an Etruscan funerary urn in the Guarnacci Museum in Volterra, Pairault, op. cit, pl. 1142.' Also see the stern of a galley...}}{{cite book|author=The J. Paul Getty Museum|title=The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal: Volume 9, 1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K24mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|date=1 January 1981|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-032-1|pages=55–|quote=...in keeping with the gradual proliferation of large-sca1e sculpture throughout Etruria from the end of the fourth and beginning of ... Evidence for North Etruscan workmanship is offered by the reliefs on cinerary urns of Volterra, Chiusi, and Perugia, and the sculptural ... Museo Etrusco Guarnacci, inv. no.}} Main attractions are the bronze statuette "Ombra della sera" ({{Literal translation|"Shadow of the Evening"}}),{{cite book|author1=Eric Russell Chamberlin|author2=Ken Paterson|author3=Thomas Cook Ltd|title=Passport's Illustrated travel guide to Florence & Tuscany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwkrQG789HgC|year=1994|publisher=Passport Books|isbn=978-0-8442-9055-3|quote=MUSEO ETRUSCO GUARNACCI This is one of the most important museums of Etruscan art in Italy. ... as the 'Shadow of the Night', discovered in 1879 and used as a firepoker until experts realised this was a masterpiece of Etruscan art.}} and the sculpted effigy, "Urna degli Sposi" ({{Literal translation|"Urn of the Spouses"}}) of an Etruscan couple in terra cotta.{{cite book|author=Rick Steves|title=Rick Steves Snapshot Hill Towns of Central Italy: Including Siena & Assisi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQYrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|date=29 December 2015|publisher=Avalon Travel Publishing|isbn=978-1-63121-204-8|pages=94–|quote=The museum's other top piece is the Urn of the Spouses (Urna degli Sposi, first century B.C.). It's unique for various reasons, including its material (it's in terracotta—a relatively rare material for these funerary urns) and its depiction of two ...}}{{cite book|title=Florence and Tuscany. A complete guide with itineraries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-dY5yXJ4A8C&pg=PA64|year=2011|publisher=ATS Italia Editrice|isbn=978-88-6524-400-5|pages=64–|quote=Among the works housed here, particularly remarkable are: the vase with black figures, the cinerary urn with the deceased (Atteone), the mirror with dioscuri and the Urn of the spouses. Volterra Guarnacci Etruscan Museum, Evening Shadow ...}}{{cite book|title=Kunst und Geschichte der Toskana: ein Landstrich voller Wohlgeschmack und Farbenfreude eine Region, in der die gastronomische Überlieferung auf magische Weise mit einer jahrtausendealten Kultur verbunden ist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohfozX4-bpQC&pg=PA91|year=1970|publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi|language=de|isbn=978-88-476-1794-0|pages=91–|quote=SCHATTEN DES ABENDS Museo Etrusco Guarnacci Die Figur stammt aus der Florentiner Sammlung der Familie Buonarroti und wurde von ... Unten der Deckel einer Aschenurne, der sogenannten Urna degli Sposi (des Ehepaares}}{{cite book|author=Touring Club of Italy|title=Authentic Tuscany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu9Ev_4PL5oC&pg=PA72|year=2005|publisher=Touring Editore|isbn=978-88-365-3297-1|pages=72–|quote=The Museo Etrusco Guarnacci O has forty rooms housing an enormous collection of antiquities from prehistoric to ... alabaster and terracotta (4th-1st century BC) from local excavations, including the famous Urna degli Sposi (Urn of the Married ...}}
• The Etruscan {{ill|Walls of Volterra|it|Mura di Volterra}}, including the well-preserved {{ill|Porta all'Arco|it|Porta all'Arco (Volterra)}} (3rd-2nd centuries BC),{{cite book|author=George Dennis|title=The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria | url = https://archive.org/details/etruriacitiesand02denniala|year=1848|publisher=John Murray|pages=[https://archive.org/details/etruriacitiesand02denniala/page/146 146]–|quote=Volterra. He may know it by the sign of three naked females, the most graceless things about the house. The landlord, SigTM. Ottavio ... From the "Unione," a few steps will lead to the Porta all' Arco.3 I envy the stranger his first impressions on ...}}{{cite book|author=Henry James|title=Italian Hours|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj2RBA8bxxUC&pg=PT339|date=1 March 1995|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-101-17386-2|pages=339–|quote=I may not invite the reader to penetrate with me by so much as a step the boundless backward reach of history to which the more massive of the Etruscan gates of Volterra, the Porta all'Arco, forms the solidest of thresholds; since I perforce take ...}} and {{ill|Porta Diana|it}} gates.{{cite book|author=Mario Giovannelli|title=Cronistoria dell'antichità, e nobiltà di Volterra, cominciando dal principio della sua edificazione infin'al giorno d'hoggi. ... Raccolta da diuersi scrittori per ... fra Mario Giouannelli ..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U888obkpQNcC&pg=PA4|year=1613|publisher=appresso Giouanni Fontani|pages=4–}}{{cite book|author=Luisa Banti|title=Etruscan Cities and Their Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zzu5EjrCrsC&pg=PA146|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01910-2|pages=146–|quote=These natural communication routes all met just below the city, where the village of Saline di Volterra stands today. Then as now, Volterra ... The two city gates — Porta Diana and Porta all'Arco — are Etruscan only in their lower part. The three ...}}
• The Medici {{ill|Villa di Spedaletto|it}}, outside the city, in direction of Lajatico{{cite book|author1=Isabella Lapi Ballerini|author2=Mario Scalini|title=The Medici Villas: Complete Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RfyLCXpmY0C&pg=PA83|year=2003|publisher=Giunti Editore|isbn=978-88-09-02995-8|pages=84–}}
• There are excavations of Etruscan tombs in the Valle Bona area.
• Sant'Alessandro, Romanesque Roman Catholic church.
• Volterra Psychiatric Hospital, founded in 1888. Closed in 1978, it was reopened for public and will be once more used for psychiatric purposes.{{Cite journal|last=Simioli|first=Adele|date=June 2013|title=L'ipotesi di ospedale psichiatrico di Daniele Calabi: progetti e realizzazioni|journal=Territorio|issue=65|pages=85–88|doi=10.3280/tr2013-065013|issn=1825-8689}}
• Palazzo Inghirami, Volterra

{{Further|Persio Flacco Theater}}

Volterra has a station on the {{ill|Cecina-Volterra Railway|it|Ferrovia Cecina-Volterra}}, called "Volterra Saline – Pomarance" due to its position, in the {{lang|it|frazione}} of Saline di Volterra.{{cite book|author=Emma Jones|title=Tuscany and Umbria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaYtXUkTtH8C&pg=PA308|date=1 April 2004|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc|isbn=978-1-58843-399-2|pages=308–|quote=The. wide fertile valley of the Valdera (the Era Valley) spreads along the Era River ... Saline di Volterra is on the Pisa-Cecina-Volterra Saline train line (% 848-888088, www.trenitalia.it); a shuttle bus will take ...}}{{cite book|author=Gillian Price|title=Walking in Tuscany: 50 Walks throughout Tuscany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fyCHqeStIMC&pg=PA80|date=27 July 2012|publisher=Cicerone Press Limited|isbn=978-1-84965-672-6|pages=80–|quote=By public transport from Volterra take the local bus for the short ride down to Saline. Otherwise from Cecina on the main LivornoRome rail line, several trains a day (or the odd substitute bus) still run as far as Saline. 7: Saline di Volterra, ...}}

• Persius (34–62), the Roman satirist of Etruscan stock
• Pope Linus, who, according to the Liber Pontificalis, was born in Volterra, and was the successor to Peter{{cite web|title=Catholic Online|url=http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=12145|website=Catholic Online|access-date=2 January 2017|ref=catholic}}
• Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus, consul with the Emperor Gallienus in AD 261 and urban prefect in AD 267–268
• Meshullam da Volterra (d. 1508), an Italian-Jewish businessman who traveled to the Land of Israel and surrounding Jewish communities. His works provide concise and important details about the nature and conditions of Ottoman Jewry.
• Daniele da Volterra (1509–1566), Mannerist painter
• The poet Jacopo da Leona, a judge at Volterra in the 13th century
• The Maffei family of Volterra produced the apostolic Secretary Gherardo Maffei and his three sons: the eldest Antonio Maffei, who was one of the assassins in the Pazzi Conspiracy against the Medici in 1478; second the humanist Raffaello Maffei called "Volterrano" who also served in the Curia; and youngest Mario Maffei, who was also a scholar and followed his father in the curia.
• Giuseppe Bessi (1857–1922), sculptor
• Emilio Fiaschi (1858–1941), sculptor

File:Patroclus corpse MAN Firenze.jpg and Meriones lifting Patroclus' corpse on a cart while Odysseus looks on; alabaster urn, Etruscan artwork from Volterra, 2nd century BC]]

• Volterra features in Horatius, a poem by Lord Macaulay.{{cite book|author=David Gilmour|title=The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and their Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57cT2FxDdp4C&pg=PT46|date=3 March 2011|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-192989-7|pages=46–|quote=... who were based in Etruria, where they built hilltop towns such as Volterra, and from where they spread north to the Po ... historian Livy, Thomas Babington Macaulay described the Roman hero Horatius Cocles holding a bridge over 'Father ...}}{{cite book|author=James Bentley|title=A guide to Tuscany|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetotuscany0000bent|url-access=registration|date=5 July 1988|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-046683-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetotuscany0000bent/page/18 18]–|quote=Macaulay's poem 'Horatius' has as its hero a Roman, not the ranks of Lars Porsena invading the city of Rome. Even so Macaulay perfectly catches in his verse ... It took him two years to starve out Volterra. Then Sulla made himself dictator and ...}}
• Linda Proud's A Tabernacle for the Sun (2005), the first volume of The Botticelli Trilogy, begins with the sack of Volterra in 1472. Volterra is the ancestral home of the Maffei family and the events of 1472 lead directly to the Pazzi Conspiracy of 1478. The protagonist of the novel is Tommaso de' Maffei, half brother of one of the conspirators.
• Volterra is an important location in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series. In the books, Volterra is home to the Volturi, a clan of rich, regal, powerful ancient vampires, who essentially act as the rulers of the world's vampire population. (However, the relevant scenes from the movie were shot in Montepulciano.)
• Volterra is the site of Stendhal's famously disastrous encounter in 1819 with his beloved Countess Mathilde Dembowska: she recognised him there, despite his disguise of new clothes and green glasses, and was furious. This is the central incident in his book {{Interlanguage link|On Love|fr|3=De l'amour (Stendhal)}}.{{cite book|author=F. C. Green|title=Stendhal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMkEyU6l7Q4C&pg=PA142|date=16 June 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60072-0|pages=142–|quote=In May of 1819, Métilde went to Volterra where her two sons were at school, whilst Stendhal reproached himself bitterly for not having had the courage to demand a decisive explanation of her feelings. But as he wrote rather pathetically: " Mais ...}}{{cite book|author=David Wakefield|title=Stendhal: The Promise of Happiness : "la Beauté N'est Que la Promesse Du Bonheur" (De L'Amour)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjDrAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Newstead Press|isbn=978-0-85390-027-6|pages=43–|quote=At the time she met Stendhal early in 1818 she was living on the piazza Belgiojoso. From the ... Then, in the Spring of 1819, Metilde announced that she was going to visit her sons at school in Volterra, and she forbade Stendhal to follow her.}}
• Volterra is mentioned repeatedly in British author Dudley Pope's Captain Nicholas Ramage historical nautical series. Gianna, the Marchesa of Volterra and the fictional ruler of the area, features in the first twelve books of the eighteen-book series. The books chart the progress and career of Ramage during the Napoleonic wars of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, providing readers with well-scripted articulate details of life aboard sailing vessels and conditions at sea of that time.{{cite book|author=Sue Parrill|title=Nelson's Navy in Fiction and Film: Depictions of British Sea Power in the Napoleonic Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekt4aEv5dTcC&pg=PA209|date=31 August 2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5803-5|pages=209–|quote=Ramage (1965) #1 Pope's first novel introduces the hero, Lord Nicholas Ramage, lieutenant in the Royal Navy, in the year ... The friends of his family include the Marchesa di Volterra, whom Ramage learns is one of the six noble refugees that ...}}{{cite book|author=Tom Grundner|title=The Ramage Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJNxlJJENLgC&pg=PA1|date=1 October 2007|publisher=Fireship Press|isbn=978-1-934757-05-5|pages=1–|quote=Lieutenant Lord Nicholas Ramage wakes up a dazed and confused young man. ... Landing himself and his men, he rescues the stranded refugees—including the beautiful Marchesa di Volterra—literally from under the hoofs of Napoleon's ...}}
• Volterra is the site where the novel Chimaira by the Italian author Valerio Massimo Manfredi takes place.{{cite book|title=Panorama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypE7AQAAIAAJ|volume=1826-1829|date=April 2001|publisher=Mondadori|language=it|pages=223–|quote=CHIMAIRA di Valerio Massimo Manfredi Mondadori, 246 pagine, 30 mila lire. ... con Nino Castelnuovo che perdeva la testa per una bella etrusca reincarnatasi nella Volterra dei giorni nostri.}}
• Valerio Massimo Manfredi's The Ancient Curse is also set in Volterra, where a statue called 'The Shade of Twilight' is stolen from the Volterra museum.
• Volterra is featured in Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 collection of short stories Unaccustomed Earth. It is where Hema and Kaushik, the protagonists of the final short story "Going Ashore," travel before they part.{{cite book|author=Anjali Pandey|title=Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-rwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT165|date=25 January 2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-34036-8|pages=165–|quote=... they saw, lined on the shelves, hundreds of urns in which the ancient people of Volterra had stored the ashes of their dead. ... The following interaction excerpted from "Unaccustomed Earth" illustrates how Lahiri manages to 'explain' Bengali ...}}
• Volterra is featured in Luchino Visconti's 1965 film Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa, released as Sandra (Of a Thousand Delights) in the United States and as Of These Thousand Pleasures in the UK.{{cite book|author=Henry Bacon|title=Visconti: Explorations of Beauty and Decay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RM5BV5F8bCYC&pg=PA120|date=28 March 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59960-3|pages=120–|quote=Another starting point was d'Amico's and Visconti's idea of locating the story in the Tuscan city of Volterra. ... Sandra (Cardinale) suspects her mother (Marie Bell) and the mother's lover Gilardini (Renzo Ricci) of betraying her Jewish father to ...}}
• Volterra's scenery is used for Central City in the 2017 film Fullmetal Alchemist (film) directed by Fumihiko Sori.
• The 2016 video game The Town of Light is set in a fictionalized version of the notorious Volterra Psychiatric Hospital.{{cite web| url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/01/29/the-town-of-light-preview-horror-history/| title=True Horror: The Town Of Light's Historical Inspirations| author=Adam Smith| work=Rock, Paper, Shotgun| date=2016-01-29| access-date=2017-05-14}}
• "Volaterrae" is the name given by Dan and Una to their secret place in Far Wood in Rudyard Kipling's Puck of Pook's Hill. They named it from the verse in Lord Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome:

:::From lordly Volaterrae,

:::Where scowls the far-famed hold

:::Piled by the hands of giants

:::For Godlike Kings of old.

• Volterra and its relationship with Medici Florence features in the 2018 second season of Medici: Masters of Florence.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}

Volterra is twinned with:

• {{flagicon|FRA}} Mende, France
• {{flagicon|GER}} Wunsiedel, Germany
• {{flagicon|POL}} Sandomierz, Poland

Notes

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• Bell, Sinclair and Alexandra A. Carpino, eds. (2016) A Companion to the Etruscans. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
• Haynes, Sybille (2000) Etruscan civilization: A cultural history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
• Pallottino, Massimo (1978) The Etruscans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Sprenger, Maia, and Bartoloni, Gilda (1983) The Etruscans: Their history, art and architecture. Translated by Robert E. Wolf. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
• Turfa, Jean MacIntosh, ed. (2013) The Etruscan World. Routledge Worlds. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

{{Commons category|Volterra}}

{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Volterra

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• {{official website|http://www.comune.volterra.pi.it}}
• {{cite web|url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/403292|title=Places: 403292 (Velathri/Volaterrae)|last1=Harris|first1=W.|first2=R.|last2=Talbert|first3=T.|last3=Elliott|first4=S.|last4=Gillies|date=25 April 2021|access-date=7 March 2012|publisher=Pleiades}}

{{Province of Pisa}}

{{Etruscans}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities and towns in Tuscany

Category:Hilltowns in Tuscany

Category:Villanovan culture