Volume Interactions

{{Multiple issues|

{{Notability|1=Companies|date=February 2021}}

{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}

}}

Volume Interactions Pte Ltd was a company that pioneered in the 1990s the use Virtual Reality technology in surgery planning.{{Cite journal|last1=Kockro|first1=R. A.|last2=Serra|first2=L.|last3=Tseng-Tsai|first3=Y.|last4=Chan|first4=C.|last5=Yih-Yian|first5=S.|last6=Gim-Guan|first6=C.|last7=Lee|first7=E.|last8=Hoe|first8=L. Y.|last9=Hern|first9=N.|date=2000-01-01|title=Planning and simulation of neurosurgery in a virtual reality environment|journal=Neurosurgery|volume=46|issue=1|pages=118–135; discussion 135–137|issn=0148-396X|pmid=10626943|doi=10.1097/00006123-200001000-00024}}{{Cite journal|last1=Serra|first1=L.|last2=Hern|first2=N.|last3=Guan|first3=C. G.|last4=Lee|first4=E.|last5=Lee|first5=Y. H.|last6=Yeo|first6=T. T.|last7=Chan|first7=C.|last8=Kockro|first8=R. A.|date=1999-01-01|title=An interface for precise and comfortable 3D work with volumetric medical datasets|journal=Studies in Health Technology and Informatics|volume=62|pages=328–334|issn=0926-9630|pmid=10538381}}{{Cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=George K. C.|last2=Zhu|first2=Canon X. L.|last3=Ahuja|first3=Anil T.|last4=Poon|first4=Wai S.|date=September 2007|title=Craniotomy and clipping of intracranial aneurysm in a stereoscopic virtual reality environment|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17881970/|journal=Neurosurgery|volume=61|issue=3|pages=564–568; discussion 568–569|doi=10.1227/01.NEU.0000290904.46061.0D|issn=1524-4040|pmid=17881970|s2cid=70632953 }} The company created and marketed the Dextroscope, the first commercial surgical planning system that used virtual reality principles going beyond the mouse and keyboard. The Dextroscope introduced a variation of Virtual Reality technology that didn't use Head-Mounted display (using instead a stereoscopic display that housed a two-handed 3D user interface) that provided a natural and comfortable interface to work with multi-modality 3D medical images for long periods of time. This environment was applied to the planning of patient-specific surgical approaches for several clinical disciplines, including neurosurgery,{{Cite journal|last1=Ferroli|first1=Paolo|last2=Tringali|first2=Giovanni|last3=Acerbi|first3=Francesco|last4=Schiariti|first4=Marco|last5=Broggi|first5=Morgan|last6=Aquino|first6=Domenico|last7=Broggi|first7=Giovanni|date=2013-01-01|title=Advanced 3-dimensional planning in neurosurgery|journal=Neurosurgery|volume=72 Suppl 1|pages=54–62|doi=10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182748ee8|issn=1524-4040|pmid=23254813}}{{Cite journal|last1=Anil|first1=S. M.|last2=Kato|first2=Y.|last3=Hayakawa|first3=M.|last4=Yoshida|first4=K.|last5=Nagahisha|first5=S.|last6=Kanno|first6=T.|date=2007-04-01|title=Virtual 3-dimensional preoperative planning with the dextroscope for excision of a 4th ventricular ependymoma|journal=Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery|volume=50|issue=2|pages=65–70|doi=10.1055/s-2007-982508|issn=0946-7211|pmid=17674290}}{{Cite book|last=Perneczky|first=Axel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/525080382|title=Keyhole approaches in neurosurgery. Volume I, Concept and surgical technique|date=2008|publisher=SpringerWienNewYork|others=Robert Reisch, Manfred Tschabitscher|isbn=978-3-211-69501-2|location=Wien|oclc=525080382}} Ear-Nose-Throat,{{Cite journal|last1=Neri|first1=Emanuele|last2=Berrettini|first2=Stefano|last3=Salvatori|first3=Luca|last4=Forli|first4=Francesca|last5=Franceschini|first5=Stefano Sellari|last6=Bartolozzi|first6=Carlo|date=2005-10-01|title=3-D CT and MRI co-registration in the assessment of cochlear implantation|journal=Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research|volume=11|issue=10|pages=MT63–67|issn=1234-1010|pmid=16192910}} and liver surgery.{{Cite journal|date=2010-01-01|title=The use of virtual reality for the functional simulation of hepatic tumors (case control study)|journal=International Journal of Surgery|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=72–78|doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.11.005|issn=1743-9191|doi-access=free|last1=Chen |first1=Gang |last2=Li |first2=Xue-Cheng |last3=Wu |first3=Guo-Qing |last4=Wang |first4=Yi |last5=Fang |first5=Bin |last6=Xiong |first6=Xiao-Feng |last7=Yang |first7=Ri-gao |last8=Tan |first8=Li-wen |last9=Zhang |first9=Shao-Xiang |last10=Dong |first10=Jia-Hong |pmid=19944191 }} The Dextroscope received world-wide attention by being involved in the planning of several craniopagus twin separations, most notably the Zambian twins (1997) and the German twins (2004{{Cite web|title=Johns Hopkins Magazine|url=https://pages.jh.edu/jhumag/0205web/separate.html|access-date=2021-04-02|website=pages.jh.edu}}{{Cite web|last=Simpkins|first=Beth|title=Johns Hopkins Team Separates German Conjoined Twins|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2004/09_16a_04.html|access-date=2021-04-02|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en}}) at Johns Hopkins Hospital led by Dr Benjamin Carson, and the Nepali twins separation{{Cite web|date=2001-04-10|title=Effort to separate twins enters fourth day|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/10/sarahboseley.johnaglionby|access-date=2021-04-02|website=the Guardian|language=en}} at the Singapore General Hospital in 2001.{{Cite web|date=2001-05-11|title=Neurosurgeons Use SGI Powered VR Sys To Assist In Operation|url=https://www.hpcwire.com/2001/05/11/neurosurgeons-use-sgi-powered-vr-sys-to-assist-in-operation/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=HPCwire|language=en-US}}

The Dextroscope was launched in Europe in 2000 and subsequently in Asia and the USA (2006{{Cite web|title=Volume Interactions Launching Dextroscope® at the American Association of Neurological Surgeons {{!}} Bracco Imaging|url=https://imaging.bracco.com/us-en/volume-interactions-launching-dextroscope-american-association-neurological-surgeons|access-date=2021-04-02|website=imaging.bracco.com}}). The company later introduced the Dextrobeam, a product designed to make 3D medical stereoscopic presentations to large audiences, using stereoscopic projection systems.{{Cite journal|last1=Kockro|first1=Ralf A.|last2=Stadie|first2=Axel|last3=Schwandt|first3=Eike|last4=Reisch|first4=Robert|last5=Charalampaki|first5=Cleopatra|last6=Ng|first6=Ivan|last7=Yeo|first7=Tseng Tsai|last8=Hwang|first8=Peter|last9=Serra|first9=Luis|date=2007-11-01|title=A Collaborative Virtual Reality Environment for Neurosurgical Planning and Training|url=https://academic.oup.com/ons/article-abstract/61/suppl_5/ONSE379/2408595/A-Collaborative-Virtual-Reality-Environment-for|journal=Operative Neurosurgery|volume=61|issue=suppl_5|pages=ONSE379–ONSE391|doi=10.1227/01.neu.0000303997.12645.26|pmid=18091253|s2cid=22068005 |issn=2332-4252|url-access=subscription}}

The company Quality Management System complied with the requirements of ISO 13485:2003 and the products were listed in the Singapore Medical Device Registration (SMDR) by the Health Sciences Authority of Singapore.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The Dextroscope and Dextrobeam received USA FDA 510(K) - class II (2002) clearance, CE Marking - class I (2002), China SFDA Registration - class II (2004) and Taiwan Registration - type P (Radiology) (2007).

The company was a spin-off company from the [http://www.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/ Kent Ridge Digital Labs] research institute in Singapore. The company was founded in 2000 in Singapore by Luis Serra, Ng Hern, Ralf A Kockro, Eugene CK Lee and Chris Goh with seed capital from [https://www.science.org/content/article/singapore-scientists-venture-capital-industries Life Sciences Investments (LSI) Pte Ltd.], a co-investment fund of the Singapore [https://www.edbi.com/ Economic Development Board Investments Pte Ltd.] (EDBI). It was later acquired by{{Cite web|url=http://imaging.bracco.com/us-en/bracco-acquires-volume-interactions-high-tech-systems-diagnosis-and-surgery|title=Bracco acquires "Volume interactions" (high tech systems for diagnosis and surgery). {{!}} Bracco Imaging|website=imaging.bracco.com|access-date=2017-06-05}} the [http://www.Bracco.com Bracco Group] in 2002. Volume Interactions ceased commercial operations in 2008.