WMLL (Evansville, Indiana)
{{Short description|FM radio station in Evansville, Indiana (1941–1956)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
WMLL was an FM radio station in Evansville, Indiana, that began broadcasting, as W45V, in 1941. It was the first commercial FM station authorized in the state of Indiana.[https://books.google.com/books?id=h3MPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA386 "Frequency Modulation (FM) Broadcasting Stations Authorized by the FCC"] (Log completed to January 15, 1941), Broadcasting Yearbook (1941 edition), page 386. WMLL suspended operations and was deleted in 1956.
History
File:Finke's advertisement featuring Evansville, Indiana radio station W45V (September 29, 1941).gif
File:Finke's advertisement featuring Evansville, Indiana radio station WMLL (April 24, 1953).jpg
In May 1940, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced the establishment, effective January 1, 1941, of an FM radio band operating on 40 channels spanning 42–50 MHz.[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112059131711&view=1up&seq=767 "FCC Order No. 67"] Federal Register, May 25, 1940, page 2011. On October 31, 1940, the first fifteen construction permits for commercial FM stations were issued, including one to Evansville On the Air, Inc. for a station at 44.5 MHz,[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting19unse/page/n1074/mode/1up "New FM Call Letters Proposed"], Broadcasting, November 15, 1940, page 77. which was issued the call sign W45V.The initial policy for commercial FM station call signs included an initial "W" for stations located east of the Mississippi River, followed by the last two digits of a station's frequency assignment, "45" in this case, and closing with a one or two character regional identifier, which for Evansville was "V".
Evansville was a much smaller market than most of the other grants, which generally were located in major metropolitan areas. Some stations placed their transmitters on mountain tops in order to cover large geographical areas, however W45V's antenna was located atop an AM station's 200 foot (60m) tower, that was constructed on the rooftop of a 100 foot (30m) tall building.[https://worldradiohistory.com/ARCHIVE-RCA/RCA-Broadcast-News/RCA-40.pdf#page=44 "Selecting a Site For an FM Station"] by John P. Taylor, Broadcast News, January 1945, pages 42-44. Effective November 1, 1943, the FCC modified its policy for FM call letters,[https://books.google.com/books?id=mwwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT6 "Standard Broadcast Station Call Letters for All Outlets Starting Nov. 1, FCC Rule"], The Billboard, September 4, 1943, page 7. and the station was assigned new call letters of WMLL.[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting25unse/page/n882/mode/1up "New Calls Named For FM Stations"], Broadcasting, October 4, 1943, page 49.
Many pioneer FM stations had existing AM station companions, but WMLL was unusual in having two, as Evansville On the Air was the licensee for both WEOA and WGBF in Evansville. However, the August 1941 adoption of the FCC's "duopoly" rule restricted licensees from operating more than one AM band station in a given market.[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting21unse/page/n304/mode/1up "Ban On Multiple Ownership in Same Area"], Broadcasting, August 11, 1941, pages 6-7. To meet the new requirement, in 1946 arrangements were made to sell the smaller station, WEOA, with WGBF and WMLL both remaining under Evansville On the Air ownership.[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-09-16-BC.pdf#page=20 "WFBM Owners Buy Evansville Outlet, Subject to FCC Okay"], Broadcasting, September 16, 1946, page 20.
On June 27, 1945, the FCC announced the reassignment of the FM band to 80 channels from 88–106 MHz, which was soon expanded to 100 channels from 88–108 MHz.[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting291unse/page/n16/mode/1up "FCC Allocates 88-106 mc Band to FM"] by Bill Bailey, Broadcasting, July 2, 1945, pages 13-14.[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting291unse/page/n67/mode/1up "FCC Allocations Order Text"], Broadcasting, July 2, 1945, pages 64-68. WMLL's assignment on the new band was originally at 94.7 MHz,[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-07-22-BC.pdf#page=66 "FCC Grants 456 FM Outlets Since War End"], Broadcasting, July 22, 1946, page 66. which was later changed to 94.5 MHz.[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t4nk9ts9n&view=1up&seq=492 "FM Broadcast Stations: Frequency Assignments"] (June 12, 1947), Federal Register, Volume 12, Number 108, June 3, 1947, page 4040. The FCC provided that, during a transitional period, stations could simultaneously broadcast on both their old and new frequencies. WMLL instead decided to shut down its 44.5 MHz transmitter and broadcast solely on its new assignment, while implementing a widespread program of converting local receivers to operate on the new band. This involved installing converters on existing receivers, and the station began a conversion program at a total cost of less than $10 per set.[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-04-08-BC.pdf#page=62 "FM Converter Gadgets Offered by Two Firms"], Broadcasting, April 8, 1946, page 62. However, the new FM band had two-and-one-half times as many channels as the original band, and reviews of some converters stated that they were only capable of tuning a portion of the new band's 20 MHz span.[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-News/40s/Radio-News-1946-05-R.pdf#page=31 "A Simple FM Converter"] by Harvey Kees, Radio News, May 1946, pages 31, 127.[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Electronics/40s/Electronics-1946-05.pdf#page=198 "Crystal Mixer in F-M Converter"], Electronics, May 1946, pages 190-191.
Many FM stations faced major financial challenges in the 1950s, and WMLL turned in its license and was deleted on June 13, 1956.[https://archive.org/details/broadcastingtele50unse_0/page/n1681/mode/1up "Existing FM Stations: Actions by FCC"], Broadcasting, June 25, 1956, page 106.