Waikanae#Demographics

Waikanae lies in a setting of open farmland and forest between the Tasman Sea and the rugged Tararua Range. Prior to human settlement the Waikanae coastal plain comprised wetlands divided by a complex pattern of natural waterways and kohekohe wooded regions.

Together with its neighbouring settlement of Waikanae Beach, the town comprises a quiet locale, popular with families and retirees. Just north of Waikanae is the small community of Peka Peka.

The area surrounding the town is notable for its beach, the Waikanae River estuary and Kapiti Island, which lies {{cvt|4|km}} offshore in the Tasman Sea. Waikanae Beach is approximately {{cvt|2.4|km}} long from the Waikanae River estuary to the Waimeha Stream.{{Cite web |title=Waikanae Beach |url=https://www.wellingtonnz.com/visit/trails/waikanae-beach |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=WellingtonNZ |language=en-NZ}} The eastern section of the Kapiti Marine Reserve lies between Kapiti Island and Waikanae Beach, and adjoins the Waikanae Estuary Scientific Reserve.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-23 |title=Marine Reserve Boundaries - Guardians of Kāpiti Marine Reserve |url=https://gokmr.org.nz/marine-reserve-boundaries/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |language=en-GB}} Whales and Hector's dolphins are sometimes spotted on their migration routes through the narrow corridor.{{Cite web |title=Threatened species in Kapiti Marine Reserve |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/habitats/marine/type-1-marine-protected-areas-marine-reserves/marine-reserve-report-cards/kapiti-marine-reserve/threatened-species/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website= |publisher=Department of Conservation |language=en-nz}}

Inland, to the east of Waikanae are the bush clad Hemi Matenga Reserve, the Tararua Ranges and the Akatarawa Valley, home to a conservation park, Staglands Wildlife Reserve & Cafe. A road through the valley over the Akatarawa Saddle provides a link with the Hutt Valley via Reikorangi and Cloustonville. The headwaters of the Waikanae River form where a number of streams converge in the inland Reikorangi Basin. From here the river runs through a gap in the foothills, across the coastal plain and sand dunes to the sea.

Image:Waikanae River.jpg

The Tararua Range provides shelter for Waikanae from the south and east, as does Kapiti Island from the west. The area accordingly escapes the heavy winds and storms of the neighbouring Cook Strait region. The shallow depths of Waikanae Beach produces a higher water temperature than the steeper coastlines of Wellington harbour to the south. The prevailing wind blows from the north-west, which drives rain-clouds inland to the ranges and results in high rainfalls during the winter and spring.{{Sfn|Maclean|Maclean|2010|p=|pp=145-146}}

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| location = Waikanae

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| Jan mean C = 16.3

| Feb mean C = 16.8

| Mar mean C = 15.9

| Apr mean C = 14.4

| May mean C = 13.0

| Jun mean C = 11.3

| Jul mean C = 10.2

| Aug mean C = 10.3

| Sep mean C = 11.0

| Oct mean C = 11.9

| Nov mean C = 13.2

| Dec mean C = 15.2

| year mean C =

| Jan high C = 17.5

| Feb high C = 18.0

| Mar high C = 17.1

| Apr high C = 15.6

| May high C = 14.1

| Jun high C = 12.3

| Jul high C = 11.3

| Aug high C = 11.3

| Sep high C = 12.1

| Oct high C = 13.0

| Nov high C = 14.3

| Dec high C = 16.2

| year high C =

| Jan low C = 15.1

| Feb low C = 15.6

| Mar low C = 14.6

| Apr low C = 13.2

| May low C = 11.8

| Jun low C = 10.1

| Jul low C = 9.1

| Aug low C = 9.1

| Sep low C = 9.8

| Oct low C = 10.7

| Nov low C = 12.0

| Dec low C = 14.0

| year low C =

| Jan precipitation mm = 96.6

| Feb precipitation mm = 108.6

| Mar precipitation mm = 97.4

| Apr precipitation mm = 128.1

| May precipitation mm = 146.6

| Jun precipitation mm = 153.0

| Jul precipitation mm = 139.0

| Aug precipitation mm = 151.1

| Sep precipitation mm = 148.1

| Oct precipitation mm = 156.8

| Nov precipitation mm = 127.0

| Dec precipitation mm = 149.6

| year precipitation mm =

| source 1 = Weather.Directory

{{cite web|url=https://weather.directory/nz/waikanae

|title= Waikanae Weather & Climate Guide

|access-date= 20 Apr 2025

|website= Weather.Directory}}

}}

Archaeological and ethnographical research suggests that Waikanae may have been first inhabited by the Waitaha moa-hunters as early as a thousand years ago.{{Sfn|Maclean|Maclean|2010|p=18}} Successive waves of settlement by the Ngāti Apa, Rangitāne and Muaūpoko iwi (tribal groups) ensured that the area continues to have major historic and mythological significance for the Māori people of New Zealand. See Kāpiti Coast for greater detail.

In 1824, Waikanae Beach was the embarkation point for a force of 2,000 to 3,000 fighters from coastal iwi, who assembled with the intention of taking Kapiti Island from the Ngāti Toa led by Te Rauparaha. Crossing the strait in a fleet of waka canoes under shelter of darkness, the attackers were met and destroyed as they disembarked at the northern end of Kapiti Island.Chris Maclean, p.113, "Kapiti", {{ISBN|0-473-06166-X}}

File:The tangi for Wi Parata.jpg for Minister of the Crown Wi Parata was held at Waikanae Marae in 1906]]

Whakarongotai Marae is located in Waikanae. It is a marae (social and cultural meeting ground) for Te Atiawa ki Whakarongotai and includes the Whakarongotai or Puku Mahi Tamariki wharenui (meeting house).{{Cite web |title=Whakarongotai Marae "Hear the whispering tide" |url=https://www.kapiticoast.govt.nz/explore-kapiti/heritage-trail/waikanae/whakarongotai-marae/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |publisher=Kapiti Coast District Council}}{{cite web|title=Te Kāhui Māngai directory|url= http://www.tkm.govt.nz/ |website=tkm.govt.nz|publisher=Te Puni Kōkiri}}{{cite web |title=Māori Maps |url=https://maorimaps.com/map |website=maorimaps.com |publisher=Te Potiki National Trust}}

Image:Kapiti Island from Hemi Matenga Park, Waikanae.jpg

Waikanae Beach is a habitat for terns, seagulls, oystercatchers, and stilts. Inland wetlands provide habitat for pūkeko, crake and New Zealand dabchicks. White fronted herons, tūī and shags range across the coastal plain.{{Sfn|Maclean|Maclean|2010|p=217}} The ready availability of both birdlife and seafood encouraged early Māori settlement of the area. Introduced species such as ducks and black swans have also flourished over the last century.

The Waikanae Estuary Scientific Reserve is a nationally–significant reserve located at the mouth of the Waikanae River. The reserve was established in 1987 to protect the large number of bird species that use the area.{{Cite web |title=Waikanae Estuary Scientific Reserve |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/wellington-kapiti/places/waikanae-area/waikanae-estuary/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Department of Conservation |language=en-nz}}{{Cite news |last=Boyack |first=Nicholas |date=22 January 2024 |title=Waikanae reserve gets international support |url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/nz-news/350149388/waikanae-reserve-gets-international-support |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=The Post}}

Ngā Manu Nature Reserve is a {{convert|14|ha}} reserve located north of the town. It preserves the largest remnant of coastal lowland swamp forest on the Kāpiti Coast, and is a popular visitor attraction.{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Pamela |date=8 May 2022 |title=World Famous in New Zealand: Ngā Manu Nature Reserve, Waikanae |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/wellington/300577798/world-famous-in-new-zealand-ng-manu-nature-reserve-waikanae |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=Stuff}}{{cite web |title=Ngā Manu Trust - Ngā Manu |url=http://ngamanu.co.nz/about-us/nga-manu-trust/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903051554/http://ngamanu.co.nz/about-us/nga-manu-trust/ |archive-date=2018-09-03 |access-date=2018-10-15}} Pharazyn Reserve is located to the north of the Waikanae Beach settlement, adjacent to the Te Harakeke Swamp, a regionally significant area of harakeke and raupō wetland. The site was originally established as a sewage treatment plant in the 1970s, but was decommissioned in 2002. A long term environmental restoration project was commenced to restore the site as a recreation and wildlife reserve. The site is now described as one of the top 10 birdwatching sites in the Wellington region.{{Cite journal |date=June 2014 |title=Top ten Wellington birding sites |url=https://www.huttonsshearwater.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Birds-of-NZ-2014.pdf |journal=Birds New Zealand |issue=2 |pages=11}}

To the east of Waikanae is the heavily forested {{Convert|330|ha|abbr=on}} Hemi Matenga Reserve covering a range overlooking the town itself. Rising to 514 metres above sea level, the forest comprises one of the most extensive areas of kohekohe woodland left in New Zealand. The reserve was named after its former owner; Hemi Matenga Waipunahau of the Ngāti Toa,N.Z. Department of Conservation publication "Hemi Matenga Memorial Park Scenic Reserve" following his death in 1912. It is traversed by several walking tracks{{cite book |last=Ombler |first=Kathy |title=Walking Wellington |year=2001 |isbn=1-87724-647-6 |pages=153–157}} and forms an extension of the Tararua Range.{{Cite web |title=Hemi Matenga Scenic Reserve |url=https://www.wellingtonnz.com/visit/trails/hemi-matenga-scenic-reserve |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=WellingtonNZ |language=en-NZ}}

Waikanae is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a medium urban area and covers {{Convert|19.59|km2||abbr=on}}.{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|access-date=26 April 2024|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}} It had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018|Waikanae|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y|||,}} with a population density of {{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Waikanae|y}}|R}}/19.59|2}} people per km².

{{Historical populations|2006|10,563|2013|11,106|2018|12,711|percentages=pagr|align=left|source=}}

Before the 2023 census, the town had a larger boundary, including Peka Peka and covering {{Convert|29.61|km2||abbr=on}}. Using that boundary, Waikanae had a population of 12,711 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,605 people (14.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,148 people (20.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 5,460 households, comprising 5,853 males and 6,858 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.85 males per female, with 1,881 people (14.8%) aged under 15 years, 1,344 (10.6%) aged 15 to 29, 4,845 (38.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 4,632 (36.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.9% European/Pākehā, 9.2% Māori, 2.1% Pasifika, 4.5% Asian, and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 24.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 48.8% had no religion, 41.3% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,766 (25.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,635 (15.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,938 people (17.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,011 (37.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,482 (13.7%) were part-time, and 279 (2.6%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018|Waikanae Beach (236800), Peka Peka (236900), Waikanae Park (237200), Waikanae West (237600) and Waikanae East (238100)}}

It was forecast in 2012 that Waikanae's relative abundance of unoccupied land and recent or pending improvements in transport links will lead to a population increase to about 15,000 by 2032.

Local government for the town is provided by the Kāpiti Coast District Council. Waikanae is one of the five electoral wards of the District Council. The Waikanae Community Board represents the area from Waikanae Downs in the south through to Te Horo in the north.{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Waikanae Community Board |url=https://www.kapiticoast.govt.nz/council/about-council/elected-members/community-board-members/waikanae-community-board/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website= |publisher=Kāpiti Coast District Council |language=en-nz}} The community board has an advocacy role, and also administers local grant funding.{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Community boards |url=https://www.kapiticoast.govt.nz/council/about-council/elected-members/community-board-members/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |website= |publisher=Kāpiti Coast District Council |language=en-nz}}

Greater Wellington Regional Council is responsible for regional governance of the district and the wider region, including public transport, water and environmental management.

The central Waikanae village includes two supermarkets, the Toi Mahara gallery,{{Cite web |title=Toi MAHARA |url=https://toimahara.nz/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Toi MAHARA gallery for the Kāpiti Coast |language=en-NZ}} three bank branches,{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/money/83521292/grey-backlash-to-proposed-westpac-closure-in-waikanae-where-median-age-is-62 |title = Grey backlash to proposed Westpac closure in Waikanae where median age is 62 {{!}} Stuff.co.nz| date=25 August 2016 }} a health centre, three pharmacies, a post shop, a war memorial hall, a smaller community hall, the Kapiti Coast Museum,{{Cite web |title=Kapiti Coast Museum – Museums are the links between our history, our heritage and our future. |url=https://www.kapiticoastmuseum.org.nz/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website= |publisher=Kapiti Coast Museum}} a church, a public library, a cinema and a number of other shops, restaurants, and businesses. There are two primary schools (see below), a golf course, bowling club, and several retirement centres.

Mahara Gallery is an art gallery opened in 1996.{{cite web |title=Mahara Gallery |url=http://maharagallery.org.nz |publisher=Mahara Gallery}}{{cite web |title=Mahara Gallery on NZ Museums |url=https://www.nzmuseums.co.nz/collections/3387/mahara-gallery |website=nzmuseums.co.nz |publisher=Te Papa}} It was renovated in 2023 and renamed "Toi Mahara".{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=New gallery the realisation of lofty goals |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kapiti-news/news/waikanaes-toi-mahara-art-gallery-officially-open/IZH4JDPKFVGL7CIUVVM33JO354/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}}

Te Araroa (the country's long-distance walking trail) leads through Waikanae.

Waikanae Park is a cricket ground. It held its first List A match when Central Districts played Auckland in the 1993/94 Shell Cup. The ground later held five further List A matches, the last of which came in the 2004/05 State Shield when Central Districts played Wellington.{{cite web |title=List A Matches played on Waikanae Park, Waikanae |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/21/1470_a.html |accessdate=4 November 2011 |publisher=CricketArchive}} Central Districts Women used Waikanae Park as a home venue in two fixtures in the 2001/02 State League.{{cite web |title=Women's New Zealand Domestic League Matches played on Waikanae Park, Waikanae |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/21/1470_wnz.html |accessdate=4 November 2011 |publisher=CricketArchive}}

File:WaikanaeBeach 05.jpg

Waikanae is the largest of the 14 residential suburbs which lie within the Territorial Authority of the Kāpiti Coast, in terms of the total number of residential properties. The greater portion of Waikanae's houses were constructed during the period 1970–1979.{{cite web |url=https://www.oneroof.co.nz/suburb/waikanae-kapiti-coast-4093 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614212356/https://www.oneroof.co.nz/suburb/waikanae-kapiti-coast-4093 |archive-date=2020-06-14 |title=OneRoof}}

Development of numerous private gardens has led at one point to Waikanae having one of the highest levels of water consumption per head of population in New Zealand. The community draws its water from the single source of the Waikanae River, and seasonal shortages during the warmer months of the year constitute a growing problem for the area.{{Sfn|Maclean|Maclean|2010|p=121}} Planning for new residential development has specifically included the need to meet water supply needs.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

File:Stansells' flaxmill, waikanae.jpg, and the railway to send it to market.]] The town is located on State Highway 1 and the North Island Main Trunk railway. In February 2017 the Kāpiti Expressway was opened{{cite news |last=Haxton |first=David |date=16 February 2017 |title=Mackays to Peka Peka Expressway north of Wellington opens |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11801881 |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=Kapiti News |publisher=New Zealand Herald}} to enable State Highway 1 to bypass the centre of the township. The opening of the Transmission Gully Motorway increased accessibility to the town for commuters travelling to and from Wellington.

The town is the current northern terminus of the Kapiti Line for the Metlink commuter rail service. This service has operated since February 2011, into the newly rebuilt Waikanae Railway Station. The new Matangi electric multiple units entered service at the same time in 2011. Prior to that, the only direct commuter train to Wellington was the Capital Connection from Palmerston North which still leaves for Wellington in the morning and returns in the evening en route to Palmerston North.

Local bus services link Waikanae Village with Waikanae Beach and Ōtaki.

A radio station Beach FM 106.3 broadcasts from Waikanae Village, covering the Kāpiti and Horowhenua districts. The local newspaper Kāpiti Observer provides coverage of the Kāpiti region.

Waikanae School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students,{{cite web |title=Waikanae Primary School |url=http://www.waikanae.school.nz |access-date=20 September 2024 |website= |publisher=Waikanae School}}{{cite web |title=Waikanae School Ministry of Education School Profile |url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=3056 |website=educationcounts.govt.nz |publisher=Ministry of Education}} with a roll of {{NZ school roll data|3056|y}} as of {{NZ school roll data|||y|}}.{{cite web |title=Waikanae School Education Review Office Report |url=http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=3056 |website=ero.govt.nz |publisher=Education Review Office}}

Kapakapanui School is also a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students,{{cite web |title=Kapakapanui School |url=http://www.kapanui.school.nz |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=kapanui.school.nz}}{{cite web |title=Kapakapanui School - School Profile |url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=2871 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website= |publisher=Ministry of Education}} with a roll of {{NZ school roll data|2871|y}}.{{cite web |title=Kapakapanui School |url=http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=2871 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website= |publisher=Education Review Office}}

• Erunui Matioro Te Tupe-o-Tu: retired to Waikanae after a life as a tribal leader, warrior, whaler, slaver, and sealer; during the early colonial period from the 1820s to the 1850s.{{cite web |url=http://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2013/08/12/eruini-te-tupe-o-tu/ |title = Eruini Te Tupe-o-Tū {{!}} Te Papa's Blog| date=12 August 2013 }}
• Jim Bolger, former New Zealand Prime Minister, currently lives in Waikanae.{{cite news |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/06/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-former-prime-minister-jim-bolger.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621022112/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/06/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-former-prime-minister-jim-bolger.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2023 |accessdate=5 January 2022 |title=Five things you need to know about former Prime Minister Jim Bolger |website=Newshub | date=6 June 2018}}
• Joan Bolger, wife of Jim Bolger{{cite news |date=April 2020 |title=Congratulations to Our Lady of Kāpiti Parish |url=https://www.wn.catholic.org.nz/adw_welcom/congratulations-to-our-lady-of-kapiti-parish/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |publisher=Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington}}
• Mary Cresswell, poet{{Cite news |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kāpiti's Poem Of The Week — From Mary Cresswell |url=https://kapitiindependentnews.net.nz/?p=81444 |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=Kapiti Independent News}}
• Thomas (goose), a goose who lived on the Waimanu Lagoons{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title=Partnership of goose Thomas and swan Henry celebrated in book |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kapiti-news/news/partnership-of-goose-thomas-and-swan-henry-celebrated-in-book/S2U3IWYWGS5VVN5MTLKW3NTQ5Q/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=Kapiti News}}

• Waikanae River

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Maclean |first1=Chris |title=Waikanae |last2=Maclean |first2=Joan|edition=2nd|publisher=Whitcombe Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-473-16597-0}}

{{commons category|Waikanae}}

• [http://www.waikanaevillage.co.nz/ Waikanae Village website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404030008/http://www.waikanaevillage.co.nz/ |date=4 April 2011 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316040350/http://kapiticoast.co.nz/ Regional website]
• [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc01Cycl-t1-body-d4-d119-d1.html#name-123825-mention Paragraph on Waikanae c1897 from The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]
• [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cyc01Cycl-fig-Cyc01Cycl1085a.html Photo of Waikanae c1897 from The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]
• [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cyc01Cycl-fig-Cyc01Cycl1080c.html Photo of Maori Meeting House Waikanae c1897 from The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]
• [http://www.escapetokapiti.co.nz/ Kapiti Visitor Information Centre]

{{Kapiti Coast District}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Populated places in the Wellington Region

Category:Kāpiti Coast District