Wakizashi
{{short description|Shorter sword in a daishō (Japanese)}}
{{Italic title|reason=:Category:Japanese words and phrases}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = {{Nihongo|Wakizashi|脇差}}
| image = 脇差 Blade and Mounting for a Short Sword (Wakizashi).jpg
| caption = Blade and mounting for a wakizashi. The blade was made by Soshu Fusamune. Blade, late 15th–early 16th century; mounting, 18th century. There were many different makers for the katana. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
| type = Sword
| length =
| sheath_type = Lacquered wood
| head_type =
| haft_type =
| image_size = 350
| origin = Japan
| is_bladed = yes
| production_date = Muromachi period (1336–1573) to present
| weight =
| part_length = approx. {{convert|30,–60|cm|abbr=on}}
| blade_type = Curved, single-edged
| hilt_type =
}}
The {{Nihongo|wakizashi|脇差, 'side inserted sword'[https://books.google.com/books?id=tgOY9Cnxh3UC&pg=PA105 Ogyû Sorai's Discourse on government (Seidan): an annotated translation], Sorai Ogyū, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999 p. 105|lead=yes}} is one of the traditionally made Japanese swords (nihontō)[https://books.google.com/books?id=PtBci2GslUkC&pg=PA150 The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums], Volume 91 of Linguistic Insights. Studies in Language and Communication, Author Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani, Publisher Peter Lang, 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-03911-711-6}} p. 150[https://books.google.com/books?id=f-RsCs5dJRwC&pg=PA144 The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology, Complete Idiot's Guides], Authors Evans Lansing Smith, Nathan Robert Brown, Publisher Penguin, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-59257-764-4}} p. 144 worn by the samurai in feudal Japan. Its name refers to the practice of wearing it inserted through one's obi or sash at one's side, whereas the larger tachi sword was worn slung from a cord.
History and use
The production of swords in Japan is divided into specific time periods:[https://web.archive.org/web/20201029155106/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/10024/ Transition of kotō, shintō, shinshintō, and gendaitō.] Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World
- Jokotō (ancient swords, until around AD 900)
- Kotō (old swords from around 900–1596)
- Shintō (new swords 1596–1780)
- Shinshintō (newer swords 1781–1876)
- Gendaitō (modern or contemporary swords 1876–present)
The wakizashi has a blade between {{convert|30|and|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. Wakizashi close to the length of a katana are called ō-wakizashi and wakizashi closer to tantō length are called ko-wakizashi. Wakizashi are not necessarily just a smaller version of the katana; they could be forged differently and have a different cross-section.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wExlaM1ov0sC&pg=PA138 Samurai: The Code of the Warrior, Thomas Louis, Tommy Ito, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008 P.138]
Wakizashi have been in use as far back as the 15th[https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&pg=PA87 Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior, Clive Sinclaire, Globe Pequot, 2004 P.87] or 16th century.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wExlaM1ov0sC&pg=PA138 Samurai: The Code of the Warrior, Thomas Louis, Tommy Ito, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008 P138] The wakizashi was used as a backup or auxiliary sword; it was also used for close quarters fighting, to behead a defeated opponent[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-XpP_pdANcC&pg=PA240 The encyclopedia of nineteenth-century land warfare: an illustrated world view, Byron Farwell, W. W. Norton & Company, 2001 P.240] and sometimes to commit seppuku.A glossary of the construction, decoration and use of arms and armor in all countries and in all times, together with some closely related subjects, George Cameron Stone, Jack Brussel Pub., 1961 P.201 The wakizashi was one of several short swords available for use by samurai including the yoroi tōshi, and the chisa-katana. The term wakizashi did not originally specify swords of any official blade length[https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ni1NmbYe0C&pg=PA158 Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan, William E. Deal, Oxford University Press US, 2007 P.158] and was an abbreviation of wakizashi no katana ("sword thrust at one's side"); the term was applied to companion swords of all sizes.[https://books.google.com/books?id=q5KBjpGSRgkC&pg=PA78 Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan] (Google eBook), Karl Friday, Psychology Press, 2004 P.78
File:Long Sword and Scabbard LACMA AC1999.186.1.1-.16.jpg, the traditional pairing of two Japanese swords which were the symbol of the samurai, showing the traditional Japanese sword cases (koshirae) and the difference in size between the katana (bottom) and the smaller wakizashi (top).]]
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate required samurai to wear Katana and shorter swords in pairs. These short swords were wakizashi and tanto, and wakizashi were mainly selected.歴史人 September 2020. pp.42-43. {{ASIN|B08DGRWN98}} The wakizashi being worn together with the katana was the official sign that the wearer was a samurai. When worn together, the pair of swords were called daishō, which translates literally as "big-little". Only samurai could wear the daishō: it represented their social power and personal honour.[https://books.google.com/books?id=vFS2iT8QjqEC&pg=PA68 The Japanese sword, Kanzan Satō, Kodansha International, 1983 p.68]{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&q=wakizashi&pg=PA18 |title=Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts |first=Serge |last=Mol |pages=18–24 |publisher=Kodansha International |year=2003 |isbn=4-7700-2941-1}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFf9e0DmHZUC&q=wakizashi&pg=PA258 |page=258 |title=Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan |first1=Oscar |last1=Ratti |first2=Adele |last2=Westbrook |year=1973 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=0-8048-1684-0}} During this period, commoners were allowed to wear one legal-length ko-wakizashi, which made it popular for the general public to wear wakizashi. This was common when traveling because of the risk of encountering bandits.Taiho-jutsu: law and order in the age of the samurai, Don Cunningham, Tuttle Publishing, 2004 P,23[https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&pg=PA48 The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International, 1998 P.48] Wakizashi were worn on the left side, secured to the waist sash (Uwa-obi or himo).[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9lmmkvQOpoC&pg=PA260 Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan, Oscar Ratti, Adele Westbrook, Tuttle Publishing, 1991 P.260] It was not until the Edo period in 1638 when the rulers of Japan tried to regulate the types of swords and the social strata which were allowed to wear them that the lengths of katana and wakizashi were officially set.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&pg=PA35 The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International, 1998 P.35]
File:Wakizashi Soshu Akihiro.jpg, many artistically excellent mountings were made. A wakizashi forged by Soshu Akihiro. Nanboku-chō period (top). Wakizashi mounting, Early Meiji period (bottom).]]
Kanzan Satō, in his book titled The Japanese Sword, notes that there did not seem to be any particular need for the wakizashi and suggests that the wakizashi may have become more popular than the tantō because it was more suited for indoor fighting. He mentions the custom of leaving the katana at the door of a castle or palace when entering, while continuing to wear the wakizashi inside.[https://books.google.com/books?id=vFS2iT8QjqEC&pg=PA68 The Japanese sword, Kanzan Satō, Kodansha International, 1983 P.68]
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Gallery
{{Gallery
|align=center
|width=200
|height=155
|File:Wakizashi sword - Ishida Sadamune.jpg|Wakizashi Ishida Sadamune made by Sadamune. Nanboku-chō period. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum.
|File:Wakizashi sword, by Motoshige, Japan, Nanbokucho period, dated 1356 AD - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC08930.jpg|Wakizashi made by Osafune Motoshige. Nanboku-chō period. Tokyo National Museum.
|File:脇差 南紀重国, Wakizashi forged by Nanki Shigekuni 1.jpg|Wakizashi forged by Nanki Shigekuni (ja) with a horimono engraved on the blade by Ikeda Gonsuke Yoshiteru. Edo period, 1622, Important Sword
|File:脇差 固山宗兵衛宗次, Wakizashi forged by Koyama Sōbei Munetsugu 3.jpg|Wakizashi forged by Koyama Sōbei Munetsugu with a horimono engraved on the blade by Shōji Zenbei Nobutatsu. Edo period,
|File:Wakizashi Sword Mounting.jpg|Wakizashi mounting. The metal parts are made by Goto Ichijo. Edo period. Tokyo National Museum.
|File:Edo period Wakizashi.jpg|Wakizashi mounting. Edo period. Tokyo National Museum.
|File:Mounting for a Wakizashi.jpg|Wakizashi mounting. Edo period. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|File:Wakizashi with koshirae and related parts.jpg|An antique Japanese wakizashi with koshirae and related parts, shown dis-assembled. The hamon (temper line) is clearly visible.
|File:Wakisashi-IMG 4686-87-88.jpg|Wakisashi by Sanpin Masatoshi, early 1600s. The disassembled koshirae shows the tsuba (guard), the twin kōgai (hair pin) and the kozuka (small knife). On display at the British Museum.
}}
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
External links
{{Commons category multi|Wakizashi|Nihonto}}
- [http://japaneseswordindex.com/nihonto.htm Richard Stein's Japanese sword guide]
- [http://militariaclub.ru/_directory/%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8/wakizashi-sword-%E8%84%87%E5%B7%AE/ Wakizashi Japanese Sword] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302170608/https://militariaclub.ru/_directory/%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8/wakizashi-sword-%E8%84%87%E5%B7%AE/ |date=2020-03-02 }})
{{Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment}}
{{Swords by region}}